Ethnicity, Race and Culture Austria Free Essays

Paper Topic I: Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria is certainly not a major nation; it’s positioned on 115th spot in absolute zone and 92nd in complete populace. Yet, not very far in the past the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was one of the â€Å"big players† before the finish of the nineteenth century in Europe. That Empire has been a blend of a wide range of and firmly fluctuating societies and ethnicities, which stays as one reason why it most likely self-destructed and got isolated into various countries. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now So what is it now, that makes an Austrian an Austrian and for what reason is he such a great amount of not quite the same as someone from Hungary, Czech Republic or Germany; this is the fundamental subject of this article. The initial segment of the paper will give a short review of what ethnicity, race and culture when all is said in done represents. Therefor I will give a short presentation about these points and attempt to clarify how they are utilized today. Later on, my concentration and the primary piece of this work will remember angles for which Austrian Culture impacts individuals (in Austria and when all is said in done) and attempt to discover answers to the inquiry: â€Å"What is ordinarily or explicit for the Austrian culture and the national character? â€Å" To make this article somewhat more interesting, I will isolate the fundamental part into two sections. The main will comprise of highlights which I see from being an Austrian resident; the subsequent part will endeavor to give a sign of highlights that grabbed the eye of individuals who were not conceived or brought up in Austria. Before I start with my significant composition, initial a short account about the Austrian lingo, which is, let us state, a marker for Austria’s culture and race: â€Å"The Austrian tongue is about as lovely in light of the fact that the discussion safe changes between extravagance and getting a hold of oneself to and fro play. It therefore permits an essential abundance of right anticipating temper. † This short statement from the German writer and artist Christian Morgenstern gives effectively exact and supportive â€Å"informations† about culture in Austria. To comprehend what the creator was attempting to state with this statement you need to value the momentous hole that lies in the middle of Austrian and German culture. Despite the fact that the vast majority on the planet (on the off chance that they even know where Austria is found! ) consider Austrian Culture as a fundamentally the same as the German culture, which may be not even so distant from reality however without a doubt, there are significant and important contrasts. One of them is that Austrians can be anticipated with the modifiers â€Å"cozy†, â€Å"comfy† and â€Å"unhurried† contrasted with the descriptive words Germans are famous for on the planet, for example, â€Å"detailed†, â€Å"precise† and â€Å"hardworking†. From my perspective it hushes up option to state that a major piece of the Austrian Culture lies some place in the middle of, and that is the thing that Christian Morgenstern was attempting to state with his statement. Be that as it may, before I dive excessively deep, let us start from the earliest starting point: What is culture? All things considered, this isn't a simple inquiry to answer in light of the fact that there are different definitions for this word. I will state here two unique meanings of culture. Geert Hofstede characterized an exceptionally regular arrangement of models for universal societies. For him culture â€Å"is the aggregate programming of the human brain that recognizes the individuals from on human gathering from those of another. Culture in this sense is an arrangement of on the whole held qualities. † (Hofstede 1990, p. 20) Whereas Edgar Schein, who was thought of truly outstanding and instructive books on authoritative culture, characterizes culture â€Å"as the more profound degree of essential suppositions and convictions that are shared by individuals from an association that work unknowingly and characterize in a fundamental 'underestimated? style an organization’s perspective on itself and its condition. † (Schein 1994, p. 7) From these two definitions it is as of now very clear that culture has particularly to do with gatherings. An essential need of gatherings is the capacity to convey, both at a shallow level (for which standard language to a great extent does the trick) and furthermore at a more profound degree of significance. At this more profound level, words, activities and things can get loaded up with unique and explicit importance for the gathering, for example, bunch explicit language and language, ceremonies for welcome, gatherings and other gathering procedures and to wrap things up craftsmanship and relics that represent and help the gathering to remember their history (cf. Schein 1994, p. 24;25). What's more, Austria has a long history with a rich convention. Austria’s land area at the junction of Europe decided its recorded multiethnic cosmetics. As Austria is contained with nine territories and flanked by eight nations with their own particular societies, the individuals of every area will in general be unique. Encircled by such a significant number of different societies, Austria has regularly been exposed to social â€Å"invasions†, which are the wellspring of the distinctions among the regions. Another wellspring of the assorted variety is the Alps, which spread 62 percent of the nation. The differentiations additionally happened in light of the fact that various gatherings settled in Austria. Notwithstanding the Celts, Romans, Hungarians, and Germanic gatherings, numerous gatherings from focal Europe showed up during the Middle Ages. Presently we have characterized Austria’s states of culture and its legacy. Let us move to the following significant subject: â€Å"National Identity†. As per the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, personality is characterized as â€Å"those characteristics that make you one of a kind as an individual and not quite the same as others† or â€Å"the way you see or characterize yourself†. Personality can subsequently be viewed as the situating of the â€Å"self† instead of the â€Å"others†. This idea alludes to individual instead of to aggregate character and might be controlled by the sex just as the regional, social, social, strict, ethnic, phonetic and national personality (cf. Smith 1991, p. 15). Going past individual personality to aggregate character and moving toward the idea of national personality, the definition gets progressively unpredictable. It isn't tied in with recognizing a solitary individual, yet about identifying attributes of an entire focus of populace. In another methodology, the subsequent build, the country can be characterized as â€Å"an broad total of people, so firmly connected with one another by basic plummet, language, or history, as to frame an unmistakable race or individuals, typically composed as a different political state and possessing a clear territory† (The Oxford English Dictionary 1933, p. 30). So now we have all around characterized the terms culture and national personality and these definitions leave especially space open to look at the Austrian way of life and culture. Therefor it is hard to address addresses like â€Å"What is commonly Austrian? † without summing up too much. The battle lies in the issue, that in the event that you have experienced childhood in a spot, you see numerous things uniquely in contrast to outsiders would and, which makes the circumstance considerably increasingly confused, you don’t notice things outsiders should seriously think about odd. To me, the circumstance is somewhat simpler; I was conceived in Croatia and moved to Austria when I was 5 years of age, so I am ready to take the two sides of perception, within and the outside. My initial segment of perception about the â€Å"Austrian soul† goes before me to the rococo and catholic inheritance that, I think, goes connected at the hip with Austrian Culture and National Identity. This implies Austrian culture is firmly impacted by an extravagant, Catholic custom that is genuinely inconspicuous regarding real strict life (just 7 percent of all Austrians go to a week by week administration, which is Western-European norm; in Poland it is 20 percent, in the United States of America 40 percent! ). In any case, the custom of solid family ties, rich design, food and dining experiences, just as festivities and functions is something I see as worried about the Catholic heritage of the nation. Convention and certain manners by which you draw in with individuals socially is exceptionally progressive and a lot stricter directed than in English talking nations. Families get huge open advantages for remaining with infants for a long time and representatives are required to make sure about a mother? s (or father? s, however that is still unprecedented in Austria) work for a long time. This leads legitimately to the following forming factor in Austria, the communist custom. The communist convention of the nation is for the most part dependent on the changes of the1970ies. Training is pretty much liberated from elementary school to college (when a moderate government began charging around 700 Euros in expenses for every year, there were numerous shows all over Austria). Medicinal services is open. Transportation, culture and expressions, libraries and other framework is intensely supported by the general population. That has huge social ramifications: Austria? s college graduates are among the most seasoned in Europe (in 2005, the normal period of accepting the principal degree was 27) and its retirement age is among the least. For quite a long while, the political pattern is to chop the social framework down and change the nation monetarily. Numerous Austrians locate the sheer idea of obligation and activity troubling, however. Austrians additionally have gained notoriety for being traditionalist and xenophobic, particularly Germans like to consider us an unfriendly, crotchety pack (which we likely could be as for Germans). The political range of Austria is in certainty moved marginally to the privilege contrasted with Germany: The German preservationists are the â€Å"rightest† party, though Austrian populists standing obviously right of the traditionalists have spearheaded populist political developments in Europe. To get th

Application letter

Being given to comprehend that there is an opening of previously mentioned post in your presumed association I might want to apply my candidature for the equivalent. I demand your great self to offer me a chance to demonstrate my capacity in your regarded association. I guarantee you that I will give my best in landing the positions achieved. My CV is encased herewith for your benevolent examination. Anticipating an ideal reaction from your end. Saying thanks to You, Yours steadfastly, Tamanna Patel To, Respected Sir/Madam, Subject: Job Application demand for the situation of â€Å"Business the executives staff I am a wannabe Management Professional, done MBA in Marketing Management from ITM [Institute for Technology Management] Deemed college, Navi Mumbai with five star. I finished my graduation in B. E (Electronics correspondence Engineering) with top notch from V. N. S. G. U. Surat. I was related for two Major Marketing venture at Pantaloon Retail India Ltd, Mumbai I would accept it as a benefit, on the off chance that I get an opportunity to connect myself with your Esteemed Organization to give better pace to my profession. As I solidly accept this would give me Immense Exposure and a right stage to get a brief look at corporate world and would assist me with improving my own aptitudes and skills. I genuinely wish to enhance the association with full commitment, my innovativeness and energy to think in an unexpected way. I would be exceptionally obliged in the event that you consider my application and give me a possibility for the equivalent. Favored area:- Surat, Mumbai, Ahmedabad Please allude to the joined Resume. Anticipating for your answer in expectation. Much obliged to you Yours really, Alok Patel MBA (Marketing), B. (E. 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( Prateek Joshi ) Jamnagar, Gujarat. 9978499784 Personal Manager HRD Respected Sir Please acknowledge this letter and other documentation as application for the situation of Manager/Sr. Specialist Mechanical. I am very amped up for the potential outcomes at your regarded association. I trust that you will see my experience as of enough enthusiasm to talk with me further in regards to this position. I encase my CV plotting my experience to date and key ability territories, which I accept are applicable to this position. I would invite the chance to talk about my application with you and anticipate get notification from you. Yours genuinely, Sawan Jasoliya Mr. Kimani wa Kimani P. o Box 616165225 Nairobi 00100 Tel: 070000000 kimani. [emailprotected] com Date The Human Resource Manager XYZA Company Ltd. P. o Box 616165225 Nairobi 00100 Tel: 070000000 Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to apply for the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (position) promoted in the (Source). 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Earnestly, Full Name Date The Manager Life Live Insurance Company Uhuru Park Box 893276 †002726 Nairobi Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to enquire whether you have any positions accessible inside your association. My name is John Mtu. I have finished a (State the most noteworthy scholastic capability) and have selected to do additionally learn at (State the following best qualification)in the territory of (State the region of specialization). I am a mindful and real person. I am extremely anxious to discover work inside the (State the business) and trust I would be a significant advantage for your association. I have joined my resume for your examination. I can be reached at whenever on 070000000. I thank you for setting aside some effort to peruse my application. Yours really, John Mtu

College Essay Writing - Why This School Samples Can Help

College Essay Writing - Why This School Samples Can HelpA college essay is supposed to tell the reader something about you. It's a way for you to explain yourself and to demonstrate your knowledge. So how can you create an essay that will stand out from the crowd?First, you need to make your reader want to read on. When you send a college essay to a publication, the editor will expect that the reader will want to know more. So make sure that your writing is compelling. Make it exciting and engaging.Make your reader want to keep reading. Readers who don't want to continue reading may not be your readers. Take the time to build your research up slowly.Write in a logical and professional manner. If your college essay is going to a professional publication, it's more important that your grammar and spelling are good. This is one of the first things that editors will notice and can even cost you an opportunity to win a place with the publication.One of the most common mistakes is when stu dents write by personal experience. That's not how the writer or publisher wants their article written. Instead, they want a description of something that happened, but usually they'll do that by describing something that happened to them.You may have heard the phrase, 'write what you know.' It's another way of saying that you need to be able to write about something that you're knowledgeable about. That way you don't need to try to learn about it yourself.Instead, find personal experiences that may relate to the topic at hand. Then, use those as examples. Don't try to write about something that you're not familiar with.Try to make your college essay unique. Don't repeat facts and information that you've already researched. The editor will notice that and reject your work.

Business Group Report - Australian Hardware - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2025 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Did you like this example? Business Report The type of existing business of my choice is hardware firm used to work in Melbourne by the name of Australian Hardware. Its first store opened in 1921 in Sydney. It was famous for making different type of small households as well as furniture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Group Report Australian Hardware" essay for you Create order After getting fame by people, the business was expanded and four new branches were opened by 1928 in just 7 years, it employed 60 permanent workers. They were mostly the friends or relatives of the one who started this business. But in 1930, there was some decline in the business and they were asked to close their three stores but somehow the situation was handled as people working there on full-time so it was hard to find jobs by all of them and they all tried to managed the business and even by 1937, two more branched were opened by the struggle of workers they got rid of great tribulation. It was again somehow affected in Second World War in 1941. But then the management of the firm started giving training to its employees and strengthened the relation between salesmen as well as done many contracts. In 1982, Australian Hardware was listed on Australian stock exchange and till now providing significant benefits to its customers. It basically makes different instrumental tools fo r construction, house wares, paints garden for those who like to feel natural. Now after describing about the background of business, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s necessary to focus on the type of data it should gathered to run effectively and for following all of its tasks properly. All relevant sales trends must be reported and analyzed. Information about external environment including products of rival business will also be gathered to know about their quality of type of service they provide to customers. Annual reports of different private companies will be observed to find the way they got success. Publication as well as their online databases will be thoroughly studied to operate business effectively and economically. Nature and behavior of customers will be observed to get information what they want so that products can be developed accordingly. The data of employees will also be gathered but it will be sure that their privacy does not get compromised (Stengel, 2001). So this was a ll about the kinds of data that will be gathered. The important thing after gathering all information is that how business will get benefit from it as well as all the other data saved in their databases. It can improve the mode of doing business and knowledge in information system can help in accessing the data faster. All the right information classified can help in proper decision making as well as better service can be delivered to the customers as all the information will be in the information that can be easy to locate. Time will also be saved and continuity of business can also be improved lastly, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a cost saving method of using all the useful gathered data that helps in the efficient operation of the business (Naa.gov.au, 2014). There are some knowledge requirements of business which are necessary to be known while operating an Australian hardware. Different tasks and activities should be designed for monitoring of business which is the key requirement and without having knowledge of monitoring process; a business cannot run in right direction. Different mitigated risks must also be studies and knowledge should be gathered so that firm can handle any risks in effective manner. It is also the knowledge requirement of the business to be aware about the way business analyst work with stakeholders which involves communicating requirements how they resolve different conflicts by getting agree on a single idea. Another knowledge requirement should be about the stakeholders and project team that they both get agree on the scope of the project and way project run otherwise conflicts between them will eventually cause a loss in business. Creating a marketing business plan in a detailed and well-structured way will also give right direction and help in gaining success to a business. Information system got their vitality by handling the information from organization inputs to produce data that is valuable for dealing with operations. To b uild the data frameworks adequacy, one can either add more information to make the data more precise or utilize the data as a part of new ways (Markgraf, 2014). The information system that would be good for the business would be transaction processing system. As the name suggests, transaction processing system (TPS) are intended to process routine transactions proficiently and precisely (Riley, 2012). It meets the information accumulation, storage, handling and yielding functionalities for the major operations of a business. TPS information system gathers information from client inputs and after that produce output which is totally based on the gathered information at input side. A suitable example of TPS framework could be an online air ticket booking system. In such a system, people select their date for booking of flight and the seat they want during journey which is input, and the system looks for the available seats, evacuating those chosen by the person already which is called as processing. The system then produces a bill and a copy of the ticket that becomes. TPS information system is bases normally on real-time operations, and can help entrepreneurs take care of demand without getting extra personnel (Davoren, 2009). There are some requirements for knowledge management system such as it should be scale as it should be able to support any number of clients as well as support large database of an organization. It should be extended at anytime as per need. It should be secure and be safe from any fraudulent most importantly it should be relevant as well as timely prepared according to work being done in a firm. Now the knowledge management system suitable for our business framework would be explicit knowledge. This kind of knowledge management system is formalized and systematized, and is also called as recognize what. It is accordingly simple to recognize, store, and recover. This is the kind of knowledge most effectively taken care of by KMS, which ar e extremely successful at encouraging the storage, recovery, and change of records and writings. From a managerial viewpoint, the challenge with this knowledge system is similar data. It includes guaranteeing that individuals have entry to what they require; that essential information is stored; and that the knowledge is surveyed, upgraded, or discarded. Numerous theoreticians see this type of KMS as being less paramount. It is viewed as easier in nature and cant contain the rich experience based ability that can produce competitive advantage having lasting effects (Frost, 2010). Capacity means the different sorts and levels of assets accessible to create and keep up a group anticipation framework that can distinguish and react to group needs. Inspite of the fact that the arranging methodology itself can reinforce limit, purposeful limit building at all levels aides guarantee that effective projects are managed inside a bigger group setting, and consequently less helpless against local budgetary and political changes. Effective capacity building additionally expands an associations or groups capacity to react to changing issues with creative arrangements. Organizational development is important to construct capacity and in addition to maintain successful prevention arrangements, systems, and projects, and consequently incorporates a supportability part. Following are the factors for building an effective building capacity: Administrative structures and formal linkages: These must be assembled and reinforced so that the associations and systems in charge of the execution, incorporation, and oversight of projects have the ability to do their capacities successfully and responsively and to manage them. Linkages that facilitate collaboration among different associations additionally help manageable quality. Asset development: Satisfactory and economical financing, staffing, specialized support, and materials can help manage innovations Johnson et al. (2004). Future updates requirements including hardware software requirements for system capacity capability of business are defined below: Usage analysis: It includes recognizing the different clients of the deployment one is outlining and deciding the usage pattern for those clients. The data one assembles gives a thought of the normal load conditions and is later used to focus the requirement of performance and other requirement of system. System requirements: It defines the nature of administration a deployed system must give to meet the business necessities provided by business research. One normally utilizes the usage analysis and use cases together with the business requirement to determine system requirement. Business intelligence, or BI for short, is a broad term that includes skills, technologies, applications and practices used to help evidence-based decision making in an organization. In the broadest sense it can be characterized as an collection of methodologies for gathering, storing, doing research by analyzing and giving access to information that helps clients to gain insight knowledge and bring about a significant fact-based decision of a firm. Organizations use this tool to increase data driven experiences on anything identified with business performance. It is utilized to comprehend and enhance performance and to reduce expenses and recognize new business practices as well as opportunities. This can incorporate among numerous different things: Investigating client practices, purchasing examples and business performance. Measuring, tracking and foreseeing sales and money related performances. Planning and budgetary arranging. Keeping record of the performance of marketing and advertising campaigns. Streamlining courses of action and operational performance (Marr, 2014). There are several requirements such as hardware as well as software troubleshooting requirements of securing the system of business which will discuss here. Hardware requirements include A Pentium-class processor running at 400 MHz or quicker, RAM, 256MB prescribed, 128MB minimum, LAN card, CD ROM 250MB accessible hard drive space. Concerning about security and protection of system in business will drive appropriation of cloud encryption system, yet there are six security issues that organizations ought to handle. The normal compound yearly development rate of software as a sevice (Saas) from 2011 to 2016 is 19.5%, platform as a service (Paas) 27.7%, infrastructure as a service (Iaas) 41.3% and security administrations using 22%. On the other hand, security and protection are still referred to by numerous associations as the top inhibitors of cloud services adoption, which has started the new era of cloud encryption system in the previous year. Experts propose that endeavors ough t to first create an information security plan that addresses six security issues. Disappointment to do thus, they say, could add expense and multifaceted nature to the adoption of cloud computing without tending to the key issues of protection of business data and long term security and flexibility. It is warned by analysts that not properly implemented encryption system might likewise interfere with the ordinary working of some cloud-based services. The six issues that must be focused are: Breach notification and data residency, data management at rest, data security in motion, encryption key administration, access controls long-term strength of the encryption system (Ashford, 2013). References: Stengel, G. (2001).Tips: The Tools Ten Tips for Developing a Meaningful Market Analysis. [Online] Stengelsolutions.com. Available at: https://www.stengelsolutions.com/tips_11.htm [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Naa.gov.au, (2014).Benefits of digital information and records à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã ¢â‚¬Å" National Archives of Australia. [Online] Available at: https://naa.gov.au/records-management/digital-transition-policy/benefits-of-digital-information.aspx [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Markgraf, B. (2014).Importance of Information Systems in an Organization. [Online] Small Business Chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-information-systems-organization-69529.html [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Riley, J. (2012).ICT types of information system. [Online] Tutor2u.net. Available at: https://tutor2u.net/business/ict/intro_information_system_types.htm [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Davoren, J. (2009).Types of Information Systems in an Organization. [Online] Small Business Chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-information-systems-organization-43097.html [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Frost, A. (2010).Types of Knowledge. [Online] Knowledge-management-tools.net. Available at: https://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/different-types-of-kn owledge.html [Accessed 21 Nov. 2014]. Johnson, K., Hays, C., Hayden, C., Daley, C. (2004). Building capacity and sustainability prevention innovations: A sustainability planning model.Evaluation and Program Planning,27,135-149. Marr, B. (2014).Business Intelligence (BI) What is BI? Training, examples case studies. [Online] Ap-institute.com. Available at: https://www.ap-institute.com/Business Intelligence.html [Accessed 23 Nov. 2014]. Ashford, W. (2013).Six security issues to tackle before encrypting cloud data. [Online] Computerweekly.com. Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240180087/Six-security-issues-to-tackle-before-encrypting-cloud-data [Accessed 23 Nov. 2014]. 1

Intellectual Property Rights And Digital Pirating

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND DIGITAL PIRATING Luke Telfer STATEMENT OF THE ISSUE The idea of intellectual property can be traced back to ancient Greece with the first known reference involving the protection of culinary recipes developed by chefs. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, â€Å"intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.† The violation of intellectual property rights can take many forms, however the main ethical issue to be examined here is that of digital piracy of copyrighted artistic works and of the variety that involves individual consumption of such material (as opposed to blatant profiteering of the†¦show more content†¦ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS There are several approaches to defending the idea of intellectual property rights, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. Such approaches generally take one of three largely teleological forms: personality theory, utilitarian rationale, and Lockean arguments. Each of these forms advocates for the value of intellectual property rights in general and not specifically toward any particular type of intellectual property. Personality Theory Personality-based justifications for intellectual property stem largely from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s ideas on human will, personality, and freedom. Hegel insists that human will is the fundamental property of existence and that our will is perpetually trying to achieve actuality. This eternal struggle is therefore the essence of personality and it is in part manifested externally through our property. With this view in mind, creative works are necessarily the property of the creator and the creator ought to have complete control over them. This is an important view for many forms of creation, but it is relatively unclear in how it pertains to digital copies of a creation. For example, defacing a classical painting would be seen as immoral even if the perpetrator has legally acquired ownership of the painting because the creator still has certain rights over the creation. However, if a

Gun Violence Problems And Solutions - 1215 Words

Caitlyn Curran Mrs.Gallos English 3 Honors 2 May 2016 Gun Violence The Problems and Solutions Gun violence has been around for centuries and there have been many mass shootings, homicides and suicides. There is always the argument on â€Å"do guns kill people† or â€Å"do people kill people†? What people really need to be looking at is the problem which is people stocking up on guns and not knowing how to properly handle them and all the mass shootings that are taking place. As a country, people need to be coming up with solutions instead of doing nothing. Gun violence has been on the rise for many years and there seems to be no solution. People feel more protected with guns in their home, but actually this increases their risk to be in harm’s way of being hurt or killed because of the gun. The majority of gun ownership is owned by civilians â€Å"75 percent of the world’s 875 million guns are civilian controlled†(Gun Violence). People also feel more protected when they carry a gun on their person but this also increases their risk of being harmed â€Å"Philadelphia study found that the odds of an assault victim being shot were 4.5 times greater if he carried a gun and that his odds of being killed were 4.2 times greater when armed†(Gun Violence). If people knew that it increases their risk of being killed then not very many people will carry a gun around. Mass shootings have been occurring more and more over the past few years †steadily declined between 1994 and 2007, rising betweenShow MoreRelatedWha t We Don t Know About Guns1317 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic Summary: In the article, â€Å"What We Don’t Know About Guns,† by Ted Alcorn discusses the common denominator in most gun related accidents. Last year at least 278 children accidently fired a gun and injured or killed someone. We found that the main problem for this is irresponsible gun storage. 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Another article by Tom McCarthy in The GuardianRead MoreGun Control Is A Topic That Has Created Many Discussions949 Words   |  4 PagesGun control is a topic that has created many discussions in the story to those who can carry them or not since the US is one of the countries where access to all individuals is allowed without the due restrictions. Because of this, every day is more devastating when we hear about a massacre. Unfortunately, America has become in a little time in the country that leads the list of countries where more violent success occurred due to what is happening to our society. America s gun problem is completelyRead MoreGun Control Laws And Better Education On The United States1376 Words   |  6 PagesDemand a Plan† have pop out against gun violence ; nearly one million Americans have signed on to the coalition s. The incidence of homicides committed with guns in the U.S. is greater than other developed countries. Every day of the year, an average of 33 Americans are killed with guns. The gun violence is violence which committed with use of a gun to committee illegal activities such as homicides or drugs trade . This phenomenon is not only affects guns dealers, but also the security andRead MoreThe Problem Of Gun Control1014 Words   |  5 Pageslargest issues being discussed today is how can we effectively control guns and limit, or eliminate, gun violence. There is a very large amount of solutions out there, some that are good and some that are not so good. The solutions I have found and will discuss in this paper have been proposed by Todd Miller of Huffington Post, Evan DeFilipps of Washington Post, and Matthew DesChamps of Stamford Advocate. The solutions these authors have proposed just do not solve this issue in the right wayRead MoreThe Problem Of The Gun Violence Problem1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gun Violence Problem There have been 46 school shootings so far this year, with an average of about one a week. This is an absolutely mind blowing statistic., Nno other countries in the world have such a major problem. (Carissimo). I aimed to pursue this broad problem, and to discover why the U.S. has such a problem with mass shootings. and I wondered if there a way to fix this permeating issue or will it continue to eat away at America. How many more lives will be lost until, we as a countryRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Violence759 Words   |  4 Pages Upon reading the article, â€Å"What If We Treated Gun Violence Like A Public Health Crisis?† and watching the news every now and then, there are many major tragedies surrounding around us. It is absolutely scary, and only seems to be getting worse. The article starts off with the statement that, â€Å"More than 30,000 people a year are killed by gun violence,† making it clear just how serious the situation pertaining gun violence is (Kodjak, 2017, p. 1). Yet, this statistic does not even take into considerationRead MoreEssay on Gun Violence: Should We or Shouldnt We1207 Words   |  5 PagesGun Violence: Should We or Shouldn’t We? The issue of gun control has been a very important topic following the Sandy Hook Elementary School and Aurora, Colorado movie theater shootings just last year. We all feel compassionate for the families of these Americans whose lives were taken in the most horrifying way. We are all too familiar with the saying â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill people,† my goal is to find some validity to this statement. The most prevalent question is whether the problem

Principles of Auditing and Assurance

Question: Explain why an understanding of the governance of an audit client is important in assessing the clients business risk.Explain why the auditors understanding of business risk is relevant to public expectations of the audit process.Identify the three potential audit risk areas and evaluate the implications of your analysis on the year-end audit testing. Identify the accounts likely to be affected, the impact of the affect and the assertion that is at risk.Give examples of at least 3 types of transactions that would occur at Fitness for Life.Explain what could go wrong with these transactions if the system of internal controls could not meet any of the seven generally accepted objectives of internal controls.Generate a list of possible audit procedures that could be used by the audit team to test the controls in the clients sales software application. Answer: Principles and recommendations Corporate governance has set some principles. These principles are made after making recommendations. Companies that were listed on the Australian stock exchange and which were on the way to get listed on the stock exchange gave their view, feedback and recommendations. After considering the views of al such companies the Board made certain rules and regulations which were to be compulsorily followed by all the companies that want to be listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. These recommendations were made after considering the recommendations of the investors also. The company has to compulsorily disclose the following The members present in the Board Duties, responsibilities and authority of each member The powers, functions and other matters that delegated to other managers Principles and Recommendations the if not, why not approach It is the overall responsibility of the Board that to select the principles from the list of corporate governances framed by the Board. The directors are free to select any of them and implement the same. But this is the most relevant and significant concern for the members of the Board. The Board holds a fiduciary position. They are the trustees of the assets of the company so they should use the resources and their powers are diligent manner as it is in overall benefit of the company. It us the duty of the Board to conduct the business of the company in a fair manner by utilizing the resources of the company in optimum manner As per the Principles and Recommendations, when the board of directors came to know that the company and its council recommendation is not proper for the above circumstances which are shown in the company and they recommend that not to adopt such policy. If the company is adopting that than it has to give the reason that why it has not accepted the recommendation which was provided to them by using the approach of if not, why not. All the stakeholders like creditors, shareholders, debenture holders, government, etc. must communicate with the management of the company over the matters of governance. Based on the above principles the investor can decide their vote regarding in the favor or against of a particular resolution The basic decision can be taken by the investor of future investors regarding whether to invest in the company or not Hence the if not, why not method is vital to the operation of the Principles and Recommendations. There are certain rules to be followed for getting the company to be listed over the Australian Stock Exchange. The company has to include the corporate governance principles that it follows in its annual reports and the same should be verified by the auditor. In many cases the Board of corporate governance made some recommendations to the company regarding following certain principles and not certain others, the company should state in the annual report the extent to which it agrees and implement not only the recommendations but also other principles. The company further has to show in the annual report the reasons that it feel for not accepting the recommendations of the Board ASA 260 Communication with those charged with Governance This auditing standard is made and issued by ASA. This imposes certain mandatory duties over the auditor by assigning him or her responsibility to compulsorily communicate with Those Charged With Governance which conducting an audit of financial statements of such company. This auditing standard focuses mainly on the communication between two persons. One is the auditor and the other is Those Charged With Governance (TCWG). Certain recommendations are as follows Both the parties should be involved in conducting the audit of financial statement for a particular year. This requires an auditor to be independent while conducting the audit and he should follow integrity principles while conducting the audit It is the duty of Those Charged With Governance (TCWG) to provide required information to the auditor that will helps him to conduct the audit in a timely manner Provide the auditor with a platform where he can identify the errors or fraud conducted by the management of a company and can report to Those Charged With Governance (TCWG). It is left at the discretion of the auditor to select the person with whom he will communicate while conducting the audit. The auditor will communicate the findings to such person. He will also communicate the weaknesses in the internal control system with the auditor. The person may be head of the audit committee or any independent director. They both will determine what aspects to be communicated with the other members and what not. In some cases where the business is small and the owner is himself involved in all the activities then the standard requires communication with such person Such matter is been noted in paragraph 16(c) of this Standard of auditing. ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Risk of Material Misstatement through understanding the entity and its environment. This standard compulsorily requires the auditor to conduct a risk assessment in order to satisfy himself that the financial statements of the company are free from frauds or any other material misstatements and such should be conducted at all levels of audit. These procedures are as follows Analysis to satisfy the auditor that the financial statements are free from material misstatements Analytical procedures. (Para. A14-A17) Observation and inspection. (Para. A18) In large businesses the company has a separate audit department which regularly performs audit functions and does the risk analysis. This department is in direct touch with the Board of Directors. This department ensures that the reporting is transparent, the internal controls are effective and the committee is independent. Audit Risk The auditor faces certain limitations while conducting an audit of an organization. These are Lack of time to conduct 100% audit He has to depend on sample which may be such that does not represent total population Crucially made frauds and misstatements cannot be discovered by the auditor There is a huge time gap between the recording of a transaction and auditing the same Auditor is not a blood hound. He is just a watch dog All these limitations posses risk of giving incorrect opinion on the financial statements based on which the shareholders take decision to invest or not. This is called audit risk. There are certain tools which will help the auditor to reduce the risk up to an acceptable level. The level after which the risk cannot be reduced is called residual risk. The audit risk ha two parts Incorrect evaluation of financial statements. Placing over reliance on some aspects and under reliance on other aspects Risk of affirmations which was created due to evaluation of financial documents. The very basic purpose of the audit is to check out any material inconsistency termed as misstatement and to communicate the same to the stakeholders in the form of audit report. Audit report is the tool through which the auditor communicates with the stakeholders. There are various types of audit risk. The major ones are as follows Inherent Risk: It assumes that there are no internal controls in the entitys environment. This will help the auditor to know those material areas which are prone to misstatements Control Risk: This assumes that in spite of having strong control the misstatement would be such that it will not be controlled by the entitys internal controls. It may be detected but will not be controlled Detection risk: This means the misstatement may not be detected by the internal controls of the company After conducting an analysis of the ratios provided in the question, the potential risk that prevails in the current structure of the company is as follows: Net Profit Ratio: it is a ratio of net profit to sales. We can see that in the year 2013, the company earned profit. Profit was less i.e. 3% of sales but in the current year we see that the company has incurred loss. This is 1% of sales. Normally we see a positive relationship between the advertising expenditure and the turnover of a company. As the advertising expenditure increases the turnover also increases as the product becomes more popular. But in the case of this company we see that the ratio has fallen down in spite of a rise in the expenditure on advertising. Each product has its life cycle. The product of the company may at declining stage because only at this stage we notice that even though after incurring huge expenditure on advertising the company is still incurring losses. Or it might be so that a new competitor has entered the market. Whatsoever may be the reason, it is posing a big risk to the company. D/E ratio (Debt Equity Ratio) Having leverage in the capital structure is advantageous to the company. The interest that it pays to the lenders provides benefit in the form of tax savings. So a levered firm is better than an unlevered firm. But the company should ensure that it has a liquidity ratio of more than 2 because payment of interest is revenue expenditure so the company has to regularly pay interest on monies borrowed. In our case the current ratio is more than 2 so it is good for the company. But what we have noticed is that the D/E ratio has increased from 3.25 times to 5 times. The company has to pay huge interest to the money lenders. Though there is a tax saving but there wont be anything left for the shareholders or for transferring into reserves. So there is a risk that as the company will pay less dividends the market price of shares may fall. The company is incurring loss so it may happen that in the coming years it wont be able to pay interest or any principal installment. This may reduce the c redit worthiness of the company Return on Assets This has fallen down from 0.04% to -0.10%. The resources of the company like fixed assets, etc. are over utilized or underutilized. This represent opportunity loss to the company Findings and recommendations The management in order to comply with corporate governance requirements must establish procedures for year-end and the ensure controls over the commitments, payables and the financial reporting. The identification and the accuracy of the PAYEs and the internal communication of the new spending would also further strengthen the practices of financial management. Audit Area Audit Assessment Payables at the Year-End (PAYEs) Criteria Mostly Met Commitments and Year-End Budget Management Criteria Mostly Met Financial Information Reporting Criteria Met Internal controls help the entity in laying down the procedure of preventing and detecting any fraud or error. The very purpose of internal control is segregation of duty. It ensures that the work done by one person is checked by other. The following are some transactions that would occur at the Fitness for Life Company Payment and receipt of cash: This area is the most critical area. Cash is the area which more prone to fraud. Especially the payment part is prone to fraud. In big companies the petty expenses are overlooked by the managers which are loopholes for conducting fraud. The cashier can embezzle cash unless and until proper internal controls are not there for authorizing the payment of cash Since, the entire responsibility of recruiting the staff for the company and allocating the salary to them is delegated by the top management to the branch manager, it may be possible that the claims may be wrongly made for the salary not to be payable to the particular staff on occasion of certain leave taken by him during the month. The manager can use his position in an unfair manner. For example in many cases the relative of a manager is provided more privileges than the normal customers. Especially in cases of gyms, the manager may allow his relatives to use the facilities of gym free of cost The question deals with testing the internal controls at the clients sales software application. Let us first understand where it is compulsory on the part of the auditor to perform tests After knowing the business and the industry in which it operates the auditor has included in the audit plan to conduct the test of controls as it will be necessary to know the effectiveness of the same Analytical procedures and test of Balance Sheet items are themselves not well enough to make an opinion regarding the assessment of financial statements Tests are conducted for two main reasons Whether the internal controls present in the entitys organization are effective i.e. they are doing what they are required to do and they are not doing what they should not. This shall mean that investigation shall be conducted on the entities operations and design. Obtain the direct evidence, additional about the amounts that are disclosed in the Financial Statements. This evidence can be obtained by utilizing the substantive testing procedures. Consider the amount of receivables in the SOFP. There are many ways in which the same can be manipulated. There are certain customers who are very irregular in paying the debts owed to the company. Such can be easily manipulated by the companys employees like cashier, etc The controls that can be used to prevent such fraud Segregation of duties and ensuring that work done by one person is checked by the other Not to allow any one single person to complete the full transaction Rotate the job position of employees, this will not give time to the employees to make a group and then commit fraud Take up the references of credit on the new customers. Establish a limit of credit. Developing the analyses for aged receivables. The follow up of the amounts which are not paid timely. References Accounting Web, ND Test of Controls Open tuition, 2015 Test of Controls Western Economic Diversification Canada, 2011, Year End Audit Procedures . Enel, ND, Principles of Corporate Governance University of Tasmania, 2014, Audit and Risk Committee HM Revenue and Customs, ND, Audit and Risk Committee Thrivent Financial, 2014, Year End Audit ProceduresMonica Zorn, 2014, Year End Audit Procedures Proformative, 2014, Year End Audit Procedures Accounting Tools, 2015, Test of Controls Cram.com, 2015, Test of Controls Accounting Concern, ND, Test of Controls PCAOB, 2015, Identifying and Assessing risk of material misstatement"

Government Spending & Budget Essays (2786 words) - Fiscal Policy

Government Spending & Budget As many Federal departments and agencies lurch into an era of running without funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress are spending less and less time searching for a compromise to balance the budget, and more and more time deciding how to use it to their advantage on the campaign trail. Meanwhile money is easily borrowed to pay for government overhead. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This would be done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7 year tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the U.S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. There is doubt by citizens that a balanced budget will become reality. A recent Gallop Poll from January, 1996 showed the budget as the #1 concern among taxpayers, but 4/5 of those interviewed said they doubt the GOP will do the job (Holding 14). Meanwhile, an ABC poll from November reported that over 70% of those polled disapprove of the current performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians for failure to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure to follow through come with historical proof that Congress and Clinton have failed to compromise and resolve the issue. After all, current budget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc., and include minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed was too lax. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990 (Weinberger 33). So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially brought the federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demand on Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrels and cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budget that passed both houses of Congress, only to be stalemated by a stubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas like entitlements. Clinton's plan also saved dollars for education and did not include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect until he is out of office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budget talks, the White House points out that the debt has gone down since Clinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are quick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without deficit reduction. Startling Facts about the budget: As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5 trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion per year (Rau M-1). This equals out to an individual responsibility of more than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since 1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the debt grows by more than $10,000 per second (Rau M-l), and at current rates, a baby born in 1992 will pay 71% of his or her income in net taxes. At current rates, our government is about to reach its breaking point. If that's not enough to scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements, and by 2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue (Dentzer 32). Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt. With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job. According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have gone down ever since. If the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950, without a debt, the median family income would be $50,000, compared to the present median

Mining in Canada essays

Mining in Canada essays The importance of mining is definitely significant to Canada. Mining, is an important industry, and Canadians are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2. In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canada's total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be an important Mining is taking full advantage of the quick expansion of computers and microelectronics. These technologies are found in nearly every aspect of mineral development activity - from exploration methods, through production, mineral processing and even marketing. Computers and related equipment now have a lot of different applications in geophysical logging, geochemistry, geological mapping and surface contouring5. At the mine planning stage, the job of designing a mine is now greatly simplified by automation. Through the use of advanced software, geological models can be produced ...

Laptop issuance to sales persons and return on investment Research Paper

Laptop issuance to sales persons and return on investment - Research Paper Example The study conducted by Atrostic and Nguyen (2006) categorically declared that â€Å"the prevalence of informational technology (IT) means that just investing in IT no longer confers a competitive advantage† (p. 1).After all, business use of computers dates back to about 50 years ago. Could it really be possible that man has outgrown the need for the good old computer? However, what Atrostic and Nguyen (2006) actually meant was that the manner in which businesses use IT does matter. Hence, competitive advantage may be achieved depending on how businesses harness the power the computer. Research Question and Justification Hoskins (2011) maintained that the â€Å"laptop is tailor-made for business† (para. 1). Coincidentally, I overhead two neatly attired gentleman seated on the next table talking about their accomplishments for the day. The two appear to be sales people and were using information from their high-end laptops every now and then, either to support their asser tion or to clarify their point. It is common knowledge that most companies issue laptops to their salespeople, presumably to facilitate presentation to prospective clients. But would the issuance of laptops to employees in charge of sales or marketing produce a corresponding return on investment? This paper was conceived to gather research-based evidence of the aforementioned quandary. Specifically, the study would address two research problems: (1) What are the advantages of using laptops for people engaged in sales? and (2) Is there a relationship between use of laptops by salespeople and increase in accumulated sales? The study will also test the null hypothesis that â€Å"there is no significant relationship between use of laptops by salespeople and an increase in their accumulated sales† based on a non-directional or two-tailed analysis and a 0.05 level of significance (0.05). The justification for this study rests on the premise that although empirical studies have alre ady demonstrated the link between productivity and use of computers and IT, results have been generalized for the manufacturing industry, not strictly on the sales aspect. If a direct and significant relationship is confirmed between use of laptops as an aid to sales talk and presentations and corresponding increase in accumulated sales, it is highly possible that issuance of laptops to salespeople by the companies they represent does, indeed, produce a return on investment. Hence, this paper will serve as an exploratory study to pave the way for further investigation of the association between issuance of laptops to salespeople and return on investment. This study adopted a descriptive – exploratory methodology using a researcher-constructed survey questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The research instrument consists of three parts (respondent profile, advantages of using laptop for salespeople, and relationship between use of laptop increase in accumulat ed sales) and 10 items. Respondents of the study were salespeople selected using purposive sampling. It is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the sample is chosen on the basis of the researchers’ judgment about some appropriate characteristics of the sample, and is alternatively called judgment sampling (Zikmund & Babin, 2010). A small sample of 25 respondents served as resources for the study. Profile data were presented as frequency and percentage distributions in the form of a pie chart. Advantages of using laptop for sales people were shown as horizontal graphs. Methodology for examining the relationship between use of laptops and increase in accumulated sales is discussed in the results section of this paper. Review of Related Literature and Studies Jenkins (1999) outlined several advantages of using a laptop computer in sales in terms of: (1) professional image; (2) resource and time management; (3) information dissemination; and (4) customer interaction. In a customers’ perspective, the use of technology such as laptops

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 155

Assignment Example However, if the research on nuclear weapons may help thwart those the actions of those who have ill intensions to make or use this weapons, then the scientists can be allowed to continue developing these weapons because in such a situation it would be for the advantage of the many. Employees are obliged to be productive because that is why they are employed. However, the employer must also understand that the employees are humans and may from time to time face difficult situations that may affect their productivity. In many cases, a closer look at unproductive employee reveals that they may be having issues in their personal lives. In the spirit of doing to other people as you would want them to do to you, it would be necessary to try and understand whether this is the case with employees, because that is what the manager would want to be done to them if they were the employee. The unproductive employee also has a duty to the employer, and maybe even to other stakeholders of the business that employs them. He must consider this and find ways to secure his financial life and then retire because that would be beneficial to other people. John Locke was a believer in social contract which is a philosophical outlook that sees everyone as having a social contract towards these people they deal with. This is like the philosophy of ding the he neighbor as one would want them to do to you. In such a situation as the unproductive employee’s case, he would want both sides analysis their obligations to each other and then do what they are supposed to do. Regina seems to be using the utilitarian philosophy which argues that the end justifies the means. Such donations are supposed to come from a point of personal desire to help, as opposed to the selfish desire to outshine the others. Instead of taking advantage of people’s advantage to show off, Regina’s and the team should have found a way to take advantage of the primal desire to help others, which is

Marxist Analyses And Motivation Theories Management Essay

Marxist Analyses And Motivation Theories Management Essay Motivation defined as: The set of processes that arouse, direct, and maintain human behaviour towards attaining some goal. Motivation is the inner drive that pushes individuals to act or perform. Employees motivation in a company or a firm is a very crucial management practice which should not be underestimated since its implications are very much pronounced. Motivated employees have greater concentration and are less likely to make mistakes, cause accidents or be involved in conflict. They are also likely to show greater loyalty to the company and have less absenteeism. Some authors argue that there is no problem of worker motivation in capitalist economics, as managers can rely on job insecurity to ensure compliance. Other have identified the characteristics of capitalism is that production of commodity occupies a dominant position and production of surplus value. The conflict of interests between owners and employees will be caused the problem of worker motivation in capitalist organizations (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Because of the owners interest is not making work more satisfying for employees but exploit them. The purpose of this essay was to explore is there a problem of worker motivation in capitalist economies. The following presents the literature reviews about motivation theories and Marxist analysis of the nature of capitalist economies. Secondly, the case of Wal-Mart that used illustrates the problem of worker motivation in capitalism. And also some critical arguments will be presented. Finally, make a conclusion that is based on the justified argument. Literature review: Marxist Analyses and Motivation Theories 2.1 Marxist Analyses Capitalism is a mode of production based on private ownership of the means of production (Heilbroner, 2008). Capitalists produce commodities for the exchange market and to stay competitive must extract as much labor from the workers as possible at the lowest possible cost. The economic interest of the capitalist is to pay the worker as little as possible, in fact just enough to keep him alive and productive (Isaac, 2008). In capitalism, the worker, who is alienated from the products he creates, is also estranged from the process of production, which he regards only as a means of survival. Estranged from the production process, the worker is therefore also estranged from his or her own humanity, since the transformation of nature into useful objects is one of the fundamental facets of the human condition (Pinder, 2008). The worker is thus alienated from his or her species being-from what it is to be human. Finally, the capitalist mode of production alienates human beings from other human beings (Harder, 2008). Deprived of the satisfaction that comes with owning the product of ones labor, the worker regards the capitalist as external and hostile (Carter, 1995). 2.2 Motivation Theories In this increasing competitive world where satisfaction of workers needs is the centre of attention for both private and public organizations. Not all people are motivated by the same thing and over time their motivations might changes (Hutchens, 1989). Therefore, Motivation theory can help us to consider the different investments which can be made in people. A motivated and qualified workforce is crucial to increase productivity and the quality of the organizational services in order to achieve organizational objectives (Isaac, 2008). The most popular needs classification is the one developed by Abraham Maslows. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. At the most basic level, an employee is motivated to work in order to satisfy basic physiological needs for survival, such as air, water, food, sex and sleep. Following the achievement of physiological needs, ones attention shifts to safety and security needs in order to overcome the threat of physical and emotional difficulties. The next three levels in Maslows theory relate to intellectual and psycho-emotional needs: love and belonging, esteem and finally the highest order need, self-actualization. He believes at this point individuals have the desire to achieve their full potential and skills (Anonymous, 2009). All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of havin g the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied (Pinder, 2008). For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others (Locke Letham, 2004). Herzberg (1966) proposed a two factor (motivation-hygiene) motivation theory. The satisfier/motivators include achievement, recognition; work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth, while the hygiene factors include company policy and administration, relationship with supervisor, working conditions, personal life, salary, and relationship with subordinates, status, and security. Motivators are the factors that fulfill individuals needs for meaning and personal growth; hygiene factors create dissatisfaction when they are mishandled. Worker motivation problem in Wal-Mart In 2001, Wal-Mart became the worlds biggest company in terms of sales revenues and 2.1 million employees (Fortune, 2002). However, in order to minimize operating costs and maintain low prices, Wal-Mart pays relatively low wages, provides minimal benefits to its employees, and also Wal-Marts Punitive Policies Drive Employees to Work Sick. A deli section worker said: Everyone comes to work sick, including employees handling food. In the deli section, most of girls come coughing their brains out, but cant go home because of points coughing too loudly switch you to another department. Since you cant take days off. Her cough worsened, and she ended up hospitalized with pneumonia (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2009). Being sick, deli section work was hard because its a hot area, requiring in and out visits to a freezer to get meat. Everyone is sweating and your hair is all wet, but we cant use fans because of the dust (Greenhouse, 2002). Another Wal-Mart worker told: Wal-M arts (sick) policy has not changed, and no one said anything about this. As a result, one worker said morale is low in their workplace and pretty much everyone hates their jobs, but havent much choice in todays economic climate (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2009). Under Wal-Marts Open Availability policy, management demands everyone be available 24 7. A flood of people would leave the company if they could find other work. Fear and need keep them there. In order to provide low-cost products to customers, they cut staff salaries; reduce full-time employees health insurance fee and also no health insurance fee pay for temporary workers. Overall, Wal-Mart treats employees punitively. Theyre overworked, underpaid, and treated like wage slaves (Kaufman, 2000). Capitalist organization, like War-Mart think that they had managed quite well without to motivate staff, as they still rely on the fact that people need a job. Marx argues that labor is central to a human beings self-conception and sense of well-being. Labor are as much an act of personal creation and a projection of ones identity as it is a means of survival (Harder, 2008). However, Wal-Mart deprives employees of this essential source of self-worth and identity. The employees approaches work only as a means of survival and derive none of the other personal satisfactions of work because the products of his labor do not belong to him (Carter, 1995). Everyone comes to work sick, all of the staff do not have the right to rest when they are sick. Unless you found a new job then you can rest. If you are coughing too loudly that they will switch you to another department. Everyone hate their job but fear and need keep them continue to work. This entire situation is due to these individual rights are expropriated by capitalist company. In addition, the power of the profit motive encourages unscrupulous individuals to act unethically (Burawoy, 1979). Poor treatment of staff and lack of consideration for motivate. According to Maslows model of work motivation based on a hierarchy of needs in which individuals are posited to first seek the satisfaction of physiological needs before pursuing other desires (Ford, 1992). Employee is motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. Organizations must provide employees with a salary that enable them to afford adequate living conditions. Employees will feel less motivated to do some tasks if they feel their compensation is not appropriate. Paying employees less will lead to dissatisfaction. A dissatisfied employee is an unmotivated employee (Hutchens, 1989). However, wages at capitalist Wal-Mart have always been as little as we could get by with at the time The current wage does not honor Wal-Mart workers personal development and it stifles their participation as individuals in society (USA TODAY, 2012). According to Living Wage Calculator, the per-hour salary necessary to meet the minimal life necessities in Charlotte, North Carolina is approximately $8.73 per hour (Washington monthly, 2006). The current wage of many Wal-Mart employees falls well below this benchmark. From a more macroeconomic vantage point, economists estimate that the aggregate annual income of a full-time Wal-Mart employee is approximately $17,600 a year. Moreover, the annual income of an individual compensated by a living wage comes in at $18,152.40, well above Wal-Marts average figure. Even more disturbing, using very conservative estimates as approximations, a newly hired Wal-Mart employee can expect to earn approximately $14,560 annually. Not only does this figure fall far below the recommended living wage value, but it also only marginally clears the abject poverty standard for an individual of $11,201 (Anthony, 2006). In Wal-Mart, Employees money need does not satisfy. The company pay minimum wages but in getting in more out of them. Their minimum wages only enable workers to survival, let alone to meet other needs. These salary figures ha ve direct bearing on a Wal-Mart employees ability to purchase health care. Some authors said that it happens because the capitalists monopolize one thing: surplus value of labour belongs to them (Braverman, 1974). Another researcher said that capitalism has its drawbacks. Profit is a motivator who lacks morals. It is focused only on a single outcome of business actions ignoring all other outcomes (Cater, 1995). Company pays lower wages to gain higher profits. Wal-Mart cannot meet staff needs it will led them lack of motivation, that they tend to resort to anti-work behaviours such as absenteeism, late-coming, failure to meet deadlines, display of open frustration and all these factors work negative to the performance and credibility of an organization. As a result, with most the recent staff cynicism and resign, shoppers are waiting longer for service and getting upset (Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights, 2009). It can be observed that Herzberg (1990) ranked hygiene and motivator factors as the most important motivational theory when uncertainty exists, problems can arise. If an employee is concerned that her job is not secure, she/he may be unmotivated to produce a full effort. Without safety, an employee can be unmotivated. If the motivational factors are met, the employee becomes motivated and work performs higher (Ford, 1992). In Wal-Mart, the working environment is bad that deli section workers working in a hot area, where everyone is sweating, but they cant use fans because of the dust. For above situation, Wal-Mart does not do anything and do not make any changes to meet employees needs. As well as, Open Availability policy also let staff feel that they become Wal-Wart Androids. For reducing the costs, Wal-Mart cut employees health insurance fee, and no insurance fee paid for part-time workers. Capitalist organizations think that they had quite well without theories of motivation; managers can rely on the fact that people need a job as a powerful force for motivation (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Their interests is not making work more satisfying for employees but in getting in more out of them. As a result of lack of employees motivation, most of employees began to hate their jobs, give a negative emotional attachment to their jobs, and being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. Further, a recent study shown that; employee motivation is directly proportional to organizational performance and profitability (Fortune, 2002). With all these negative and unappealing characteristics of being a Wal-Mart employee, why do people inevitably find themselves working at this dreadful modern day sweatshop passed off as a nationwide superstore? Wal-Mart has left their employees in a dilemma that produces the mindset that no other stores will provide a job opportunity in this difficult economy but in return employees receive extremely poor treatment and considerably low wages (Nlcnet, 2001). Conclusion The problem of worker motivation is inevitable under capitalism because the workers are an exploited class. The lower their wages are, the higher the owners profits. The owners take the products, services and infrastructure created by the workers, sell them on the market, and pay the workers as little as possible. The Maslow need theories maintain that an individual is motivated to do something if he or she experiences a specific need that may be fulfilled directly or indirectly by performing that action. The lower order needs have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher level motivators along the lines of self fulfillment. In addition, Herzberg said that in order to motivate people an organization needs to first have the baseline that is the hygiene factors in place and then the motivators will be used to motivate and in absence of the base line motivation is not possible to achieve. It is indicative of the above discussion that most of the employees need to motivate. However, in the case of Wal-Mart, they paying staff lower wages, cut their self-control, and also the sick policy regulates everyone comes to work when they sick. Under those circumstances, most of the employees began to hate their jobs, and being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. All of this is due to compan y wants to profit maximization. In sum, the long-term survival of any organisation depends largely on the motivation of its employees be it financial or non-financial. Therefore organisations should be willing to continuously and on regular basis, undertake employees surveys such as this one in order to understand what their employees expects from their current job. The result of such exercises could prove useful for the organisation, because knowing what their employees wants and efforts in meeting these needs facilitate a mutual working environment for both the employees and its management. Using the power to motivate workers will cause worker motivation problem.

Cixouss The Laugh of the Medusa Against Showalters Feminist Criticism

Cixous's The Laugh of the Medusa Critiqued Against Showalter's Essay Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness In learning about feminist theory this semester, one idea that arose from class discussions was the notion of essentialism. Essentialism, a theory that stresses essence as opposed to existence, was discussed at length and while some classmates found it to reductionary and cliché, it is a question that I assume must be asked of ecriture feminine writing. Does ecriture feminine writing essentialize women? If it does, is essentializing women problematic? One critique of ecriture feminine by the feminist critique and gynocricitics is that the former essentializes women. In my own understanding of feminist theory, I have related to ecriture feminine in my writing and believe that women should write from their bodies, should write as women, but there were some interesting points raised in class by classmates who do not argue with ecirture feminine's position. This paper will look at the issue surround essentialism; whether a woman writing from her body essentializes women. Ironically, although I find the writing of ecriture feminine writers to be engaging, stimulating and meaningful, I have chosen to write this paper in a linear, structured and straightforward manner. As an exegesis piece of work, I still believe that the notions of writing from female experience and acknowledging female difference are possible. I will look at an example of Ecriture Feminine writing, that of French feminist Helene Cixous's "The Laugh of the Medusa". This work will then be c... ... is clearly a gynocritic, I argue that she can be seen to support the movement to an ecriture feminine way of looking at women's writing and language. My reasoning behind this argument is that I believe the reason why Showalter objects to ecriture feminine writing is because she believes that ecriture feminine essentializes women and that sees essentialism to be harmful to feminist theory. Because I do not think that ecirture feminine essentializing women (in a problematic way), I argue that Showalter can reinforce the notions behind ecriture feminine. Showalter argues that we "need to ask much more searchingly what we want to know and how we can find answers to the questions that come from our experience" (Showalter 2000: 311).

Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making Essay

              The foreign policy of United States has been altered since the era of George Washington. Even though Americans pay consideration to counsel of their respected founder, this is not enough because the world is different. Many people who have shaped the American foreign policy currently, admit the fact that membership to the world community makes United States not to ignore the significance of getting along. One of way in which public influence has or can influence foreign policy is through political leadership, this means that those politicians lead the American public to embrace certain issues. Research have shown that most Americans are ill formed and uncertain on foreign affairs because it is thought that leaders generally disregarded mass inclinations when making their foreign policy choices. Another way is through political responsiveness whereby normal politicians set aside their own principles and obediently follows the public opinion (Knecht and Thomas, 2010). Recent research shown that American public both holds foreign policy opinions and cares about foreign affairs that are normal and constant.                For any society that decides to terminate the period of discrimination, it must face the alike ethical dilemma. For instance, if everybody is given the right not to be discriminated against race, there is high probability of helping those victims who undergone past discrimination and the racial inclination is lost. Moreover if those members of the earlier omitted groups are preferred on basis of race then there is denial of right to prevent racial discrimination among other people. In my opinion generating a program is the best idea since it will assist much those victims who had suffered such unethical treatment of racial discrimination in past instead of applying racial preference. This program will fulfil the racial non-discrimination rule because the basis for help would be individual hurt and not racial identity. However, it will only assist a portion of those who are now benefiting from race-based confirmatory act (Higginbotham, 2013).               Due to frequent exhibitions of racial discrimination, it is evident that in some areas of the world and by governmental strategies centered on hatred or racial superiority, for example the apartheid, racial segregation is an ideal issue in any human society. However, the issue of affirmative action was suggested during reconstruction period which led to U.S civil war. When the battle ended, those groups of people who were in the southern region owned nothing and had inadequate skills which could help them to earn a living. The groups appealed for equal rights and wanted opportunity in the public grounds of employment and education to be equal. In various ways, they succeeded and as affirmative action developed, however, it portrayed rise of criticism from whites and men who viewed it as an â€Å"opposite segregation†. The debate over affirmative action has rotated around a collection of highly charged words, which sometimes complicates, instead of enlig htening the discussion. Therefore it is significant to note that affirmative action play as a control where discrimination has been found to exist or approved. Goals serve as one measure of non-discrimination and of the efficiency of affirmation achievement efforts, not as a directive for female employment or minority (Raza et. Al, 1999).               The implications of international economic policy on foreign policymaking has become more difficult in the period of globalization since the number of players that require to be engaged along has increased. Referring from the traditional foreign policy, only few number of governments could deal with each other on moderately number of issues in accordance to the established terms and conditions. Currently, however, that cannot apply for national interests to be considered. There is now, in accumulation to rising number of countries, an innumerable of fresh players which want to be considered as awn domestic addressees as well as the domestic addressees of the countries wants powerful economic units (Burns, 2010). References Burns, R N, Jonathon Price, Jr J. S. Nye, and Brent Scowcroft. The Global Economic Crisis: And Potential Implications for Foreign Policy and National Security. Aspen Institute, The, 2010. Print. Higginbotham, F M. Ghosts of Jim Crow: Ending Racism in Post-Racial America. , 2013. Print. Raza, M A, A J. Anderson, and Harry G. Custred. The Ups and Downs of Affirmative Action Preferences. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999. Print. Knecht, Thomas. Paying Attention to Foreign Affairs: How Public Opinion Affects Presidential Decision Making. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. Print. Source document

My Interaction With Nature Of The Environment Essay

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