Regal Imagery in Flannery O’Connor’s Everything That...

Regal Imagery in Flannery O’Connor’s Everything That Rises Must Converge Flannery O’Connor uses images of regality as represented by hats, colors, and ironic regal references in the short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† to symbolize Julian’s mother, and her societal views. She, like the hat, is not as upper class as she would have herself or others believe. In addition, her racist beliefs are challenged when a black woman enters the bus with the very same hat, forcing her to realize that the regal attitude she holds will never be validated, and she will no longer be able to pretend that she is superior to anyone. The hat, which â€Å"looked like a cushion with the stuffing out,† resembles â€Å"the dumpy figure† of the mother. In†¦show more content†¦Although they do not have much money, the mother never allows herself to forget the high status of her old relatives: ‘â€Å"Your great-grandfather was a former governor of this state . . . Your grandfather was a prosperous landowner. Your grandmother was a Godhigh.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Her family’s home, which was once a symbol of their prosperity, now had â€Å"worn rugs and faded draperies.† The home’s decrepit condition is comparable to the state that her family’s high stature is now in. In essence, the home as well as the old life which she is clinging to is now gone, and what is left is rotted stairways and â€Å"Negroes living in [the house].† Her behaviors throughout are very much like the actions a queen would take. The hat can be viewed as her crown: â€Å"She was holding herself very erect under the preposterous hat, wearing it like a banner of her imaginary dignity†

Verbal communication and nonverbal communication - 1374 Words

Verbal communication and nonverbal communication What Is the Meaning of Verbal Communication? Verbal communication is an act of conveying messages, ideas, or feelings through the use of mouth. Verbal communication is the main way of communicating face-to-face. Among the key components of the verbal communication are words, sound, speaking, and language. 9 effective forms of Verbal Communication 1. Read more – Simply increasing what you read (business texts, novels, newspapers etc) can improve your vocabulary, help you express ideas clearly and eliminate weaknesses in your language skills. 2. Observe Responses Observe response to your message. What people are thinking is not always expressed verbally. Read people’s thoughts†¦show more content†¦An example of this might be, So what you are saying is that... 6. Use Signals to Make Communication More Effective and Meaningful Remember that verbal and nonverbal communication work together to convey a message. You can improve your spoken communication by using body language that reinforces and supports what you are saying. This can be especially useful when making presentations or when speaking to a large group of people. 7. Look at Signals as a Group A single gesture can mean any number of things, or maybe even nothing at all. The key to accurately reading nonverbal behavior is to look for groups of signals that reinforce a common point. If you place too much emphasis on just one signal out of many, you might come to an inaccurate conclusion about what a person is trying to communicate. 8. Consider Context When you are communicating with others, always consider the situation and the context in which the communication occurs. Some situations require more formal behaviors that might be interpreted very differently in any other setting. Consider whether or not nonverbal behaviors are appropriate for the context. If you are trying to improve your own nonverbal communication, concentrate on ways to make your signals match the level of formality necessitated by the situation. 9. Be Aware That Signals Can be Misread According to some, a firm handshake indicates a strong personality while a weakShow MoreRelatedVerbal Communication : Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1274 Words   |  6 Pagesprepared *Feedback given *Communication needed *Message understood *Message interpreted *Message sent * Message receive For a good communication we need to have the following: ââ€"  sender – the person who start a conversation ââ€"  message – what another person involved in communication will received ââ€"  medium –the way we can communicate by using for example the phone, computer, erc. ââ€"  collector – the person who can collect the message and send it to people involved in communication ââ€"  understanding – theRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication905 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness communication is a skill not everyone has; it is however something that can be learned. Many people think of only verbal skills when working on their business communication; however some forget how nonverbal cues can affect a message. Nonverbal communication can make or break a business conversation. If a potential partner interprets nonverbal communication conveying a different message than the verbal does it can lead to complications when trying to close an opportunity. As the world hasRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication1428 Words   |  6 Pages The real communication is just based on the words we communicate with each other to deliver our messages and intentions. However, after taking this class it is quite clear to me that communication is not just verbal communication but nonverbal as well. After taking this course, I have become able to understand the nonverbal aspects in each and every communication, I use to encounter with or actions I use to see or experience. This course lets me understood that nonverbal communication covers severalRead MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication831 Words   |  4 Pagesnot? 2. How has the use of the Internet and text messaging affected the verbal communication and nonverbal communication exchanged in relationships? 3. Describe a time when you or someone else used nonverbal gestures which made you or others feel uncomfortable. 4. Often cited research by Professor Albert Mehrabian (Links to an external site.) says that only 7% of feelings and attitudes are delivered in words (verbal communication); 38% of feelings and attitudes are paralinguistic (tone of voice/volume/pace/vocalRead MoreVerbal And Nonverbal Communication And Communication941 Words   |  4 Pagesthing. For example, if someone is feeling mad, they might be more harsh when they say things rather than more careful wording when someone is feeling sympathetic for someone else. These two different aspects that add into communication within one another are known as verbal and nonverbal symbols. In the show, Law and Order: Special Victim Unit, there is a specific scene with two detectives that show this. There is a serial rapist who was finally caught after six years of looking for him. In order forRead MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1235 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a natural thing that we as human beings do every d ay whether we speak or not. There is two different types’ verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is when we communicate using words exchange in the form of speech in writing or oral. Nonverbal communication does not use words for exchange a message. We use body language, facial expressions, sign language, and eye contact among a few things (Adler, Elmhorst, Lucas, 2013). Read MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1932 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper I will discuss and analyze the verbal communication, â€Å"the exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions† McCornack, 2013, p. 191), and the nonverbal communication, â€Å"the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual’s nonspoken physical and behavioral cues (Patterson, 1995)† (McCornack, 2013, p. 223), of a 2012 Third Party Presidential Debate between Jill Stein, Rocky Anderson, Virgil Hamlin, and Gary Johnson. In the opening ofRead MoreNonverbal Verbal And Verbal Communication957 Words   |  4 PagesI have learned a lot about communication. I learned how significant nonverbal and verbal communication is, along with listening. I never fully understood how big communication is in our daily lives. I now realize that it is a huge aspect of how we continue in our lives. This course has showed me different levels of communication. Nonverbal communication is behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning with out the use of words. Sometimes accompanying verbal messages, to clarify or reinforceRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Communication1472 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch done on verbal and nonverbal communication. First, we need to know what verbal and nonverbal communication is. Nonverbal communication is the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words. Nonverbal communication uses nonverbal cues including facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, the use of touch, and gaze (Aronson, Wilson, Akert, 2013). Verbal communication is what a person actually says. This communication relies on the wordsRead MoreVerbal And Nonverbal Communication740 Words   |  3 PagesHuman society was built upon our ability to communicate with one another whether it be through verbal or nonverbal means. Without communication, we as a species would’ve most likely never reached the place we are as a society today. Most people believe that verbal communication is what has brought us so far but in fact, we as a race have been using a melding of both verbal and nonverbal means to communicate with on another. These means are usually comprised of gestures that we all use throughout

Position Analysis in an Organisation

Question: Discuss about the Report for Position Analysis in an Organisation. Answer: Introduction For an employee to occupy an official position it is indispensable to have effective and suitable skills which would help him/her to address the needs and requirements of the position as well as fulfill the obligations set by the company. Different companies have different criteria which candidates have to fulfill in order to get a job and also fulfill them successfully. Occupying a position within the company means an employee is responsible to fulfill the duties and responsibilities of the given position properly and has to make the company feel that he or she is worth the position in the company (DuBrin, 2014). Different roles have different requirements and hence it is important to understand the requirements of the job so that the employees could fulfill them successfully. The present study is an extremely important one since it will help to delve deep into the roles and responsibilities and their understandings effectively. The present study is being done in order to understand the roles and responsibilities of a particular official position and will also try to recommend key ideas which will help to develop the way the job role could be performed in a better way (DuBrin, 2011). Overall it could be said that the present study will be a reflection of the job role performed by me as a finance officer working for the Victoria University. The role of a finance officer is an extremely important one from the point of view of an organisation and hence it will be easier to address the objectives laid down by the present assignment. The Victoria University is a renowned university in Australia and it would be easier for me to effectively develop a strong platform to complete the present assignment. Overall it could be said that the present study would be completed effectively with the help of the above aspects. About the Role About the organisation Victoria University is one of the renowned dual sector tertiary institutions based out of Melbourne Australia. The university has been working for a long time now and celebrates a hundred years since its inception. The organisation Victoria University is one of the educational institutions in Australia which provides higher secondary education, technical education and further studies. It is important to mention that the organisation has been renowned for its effective faculty members and wonderful education system. The University also specialises in providing knowledge in streams like Business, Arts, Computer and IT, Engineering, health and biomedicine et cetera. The Victoria University is also known for its high emphasis on Sports and even the students of this university has represented the national team of Australia in different field of athletics. The University tries to provide the best possible educational service to the students so that when the students go out in the practical field they are able to implement their talent and potential effectively in whatever they do (Awad Alhashemi, 2012). The organisation focuses on a very simple but essential mission that is to educate each and every student right from the core and the organisation envisions providing educational services to all around the world. The company has focused on doing that as the company right now has a total strength of around 48000 students all across the world and also carries a substantial number of employees. The total number of employees that the university has right now is over 2000 who are working in different fields for the organisation. It is extremely important to mention that the organisation has a string structure since the organisation provides polytechnic and also offers vocational courses for the students (Velasco, 2012). The Victoria University student support department provides different course related support which helps the students effectively clear out confusions and complete the programs effectively. Since the company works all across the world in major countries like India, China, Kuwait, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, New Zealand with the help of partner institution and Australia itself. Its key stakeholders are the students, the different governments, the different suppliers, the staffs and the upper management. Since the organisation provides a wide range of studies and works mainly in Asia it faces a different competitors in the form of colleges and universities. Its competitors are much more oriented and focused but this organisation captures the market with its effective mission and vision statement to provide the best possible education to the students (DuBrin, 2014). About the Role In Victoria University I was appointed as the Finance Officer and undertook my duty in the recent past. My job role is extremely essential from the point of view of the organisation. As a finance officer my role in the company is too see some of the key financially related works which will have large impact on the overall profit of the company. From the broader point of view of the company I am working as an individual who will have to be careful with the key financial information as well as financial dealings which are extremely important for every organisation (Acemoglu Autor, 2011). My job role involves handling all the accounts which are payable which means dispatching payments for key stakeholders and making sure that the payments reach them at the right time so that their relationship with the organisation remain intact and grow with time passing by. On the other hand I am also responsible to make sure that the debtors and other receivables are received in the right time and a ccordingly balancing the books so that at the end of the month the financial reporting made by me is effective for the company to make further financial decisions. Hence overall it could be said that the main responsibility as a finance officer for me is to focus on developing an effective financial statements and reports by keeping proper records as well as keep a track of financial utilisation in order to contribute for the growth and development of the University (DuBrin, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendation The role of a finance officer is imperative for every organisation and hence it is extremely important to develop skills and potential in order to perform the duties of a finance officer effectively. There are number of key tasks which could be done in order to develop the potential and perform the duties effectively which are: Gaining the technological skills as technology is a key part of finance nowadays. Effective time management skills and multi tasking skills will have to be developed. Effective correspondence is important and hence development of communication is required. Developing leadership skills to oversee and handle financial teams (DuBrin, 2011). Overall it could be said that the present study has been effective enough in discussing the key aspects to work within an organisation and has also responded with recommendations to work on the shortcomings of an employee which has helped to cover the objectives effectively. References Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D., 2011. Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings.Handbook of labor economics,4, pp.1043-1171. Awad, T.A. and Alhashemi, S.E., 2012. Assessing the effect of interpersonal communications on employees' commitment and satisfaction.International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management,5(2), pp.134-156. DuBrin, A.J., 2011.Human Relations for Career and Personal Success: Concepts, Applications, and Skills. Prentice Hall/Pearson. DuBrin, A.J., 2014.Human relations: Interpersonal job-oriented skills. Pearson Higher Ed. Velasco, M.S., 2012. More than just good grades: candidates perceptions about the skills and attributes employers seek in new graduates.Journal of Business Economics and Management,13(3), pp.499-517.

How does the height of a ramp effect the stopping distance of the model travelling down it Essay Example

How does the height of a ramp effect the stopping  distance of the model travelling down it Essay I will carry out an experiment to answer this question.I will do this by making a ramp with an adjustable height and rolling a toy car down it to see how long it travels before it stops. I will then work out the work done by using this equation -Force (n) x distance (m) = work done (mgh)I predict that the greater the slope of the ramp the longer the model will take to stop.This will happen because the higher up the car is, the more potential energy it has, when it is released the potential energy is turned into kinetic energy, the more potential energy the car has the more kinetic energy it gets, the more kinetic energy the car had the further it will travel. The car will slow down eventually as the friction will get too great for the kinetic energy to keep it moving. this means the more energy the car has, the longer it takes to stop, so the higher the ramp, the further the stopping distance.I will test the stopping distance on 5 different height ramps ranging from 0.37m to 0.77m, a nd I will repeat the experiment 5 times as to eliminate ant anomalous results.Fair test-To make sure the experiment is a fair test I will keep all non-variable aspects of the experiment the same (Ramp, stand, surface, toy car, ruler and where on the ramp the model starts) the only thing I will change is the ramp height.Equipment-In my experiment I will use:* 2m length of guttering* Small toy car* Floor* Ruler* Stand* ClampMethod-1. set ramp on stand so starting point is 0.37m from the floor2. set the car at the top of the ramp3. let the car go down the ramp4. measure the distance from the bottom of the ramp to where the car stopped5. repeat steps 2-4 5 times6. change the ramp height to be 0.1m higher7. repeat until all 5 heights have been tested 5 timesSafety-The toy cars can be unsafe if left lying around, so always keep an eye on themand put them safe when not in use.Results-Ramp hight (m)Mass (kg)Breaking force (n)Breaking distance (m)Average breaking distance (m)1.260.940.370.49 0.18130.90.820.750.250.421.670.470.490.23031.41.2421.521.21.242.40.570.490.27931.261.5021.31.312.212.370.670.490.32832.852.282.41.571.872.70.770.490.37733.22.4982.42.32Conclusion-The results show that my prediction was right, the higher the ramp the greater the stopping distance.

The importance of life Essay Example

The importance of life Essay Example The importance of life Essay The importance of life Essay Essay Topic: Life Is Beautiful How many of us value the importance of living? Do we really appreciate the fact that we wake up every morning breathing? We should. Every one of us should pray every morning thanking God for the opportunity of another day of living In this wonderful world of ours. Every morning we should look up and say Thank You my Lord for another day because as we hear It many times tomorrow Is not promised to any one. We human attend to Ignore the lord and what he has done for us. For over a millions and a millions of years we been living under the sky, on this absolute beautiful world without paying anything. Do we ever think Oh God thank you? No, but we should, and shouldve every day such a confusing, ambiguous society sometimes you never really know what Its all about. Often times people will feel Like no one needs them In this world. As much as It can sometimes seem as though the sun is always setting, somewhere on the globe it is also always rising. The beauty of your life is that you can change it all, it all starts with what you want to see. Adequate, then you must make a change to live differently. Maybe you should just try something new, call up some old acquaintances, make some friends, or even start a garage band. Branch out and try something that isnt Just based on your own efforts. Friends can always have an impact on each other. O Dont Have to Change the World. We dont live in a fly or die society. There is plenty of room to sight see and blaze a different trail. The most important person to be important to is yourself.

Relation between Amnesia and Consciousness

Relation between Amnesia and Consciousness Abstract Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior. Human beings exhibit different behaviors. The behavior that an individual portrays is controlled by the mind because people act as per their thoughts. People have different personalities whereby another dislikes a behavior, which one cherishes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relation between Amnesia and Consciousness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The term consciousness is defined as the state of mind in which one is aware of what he/she is doing. Conscious persons control his mind in determining what to do and what not to do and the time. Since the person acts in his right senses, he is accountable for results of his actions. There are some instances in which people act out of consciousness. An individual can get involved in a very bad act but he does not know whether he has committed any sin. Consciousness involves prior plans because people act according to their plans. The state of mind determines the condition in which one performs his actions. Amnesia is a condition in which memory is lost totally or partially. The term memory is used to refer to the remembrance of things, which happened sometimes back as well as keeping in mind events taking place presently. The Limbic system is a region in the brain whose function is to retrieve memories already stored in the brain. The limbic system is composed of hippocampus, amygdale and the cortex. The lymphatic system enables the functioning of the endocrine system as well as the feelings and emotions (Holland, 2003). If the lymphatic system is interfered with, amnesia is likely to occur. Since Amnesia deals with mind, it is important in the scientific study of consciousness. Literature Review Chapter Overview The scientific study of human and animal behavior is referred to as psychology. Psychology is also concerned with the methods that affect and change the behavior of pe ople. The study of behavior and processes of mind is collectively referred to as psychology. Psychologists are mainly interested in the study of behavior and characteristics of people. A study of psychology includes issues that take place from individual’s day of birth to death. Psychology became a discipline on its own in the 17th century during Greeks time. During this time, Rene Descartes a French philosopher introduced the idea of dualisms, which asserted that human body is made up of two different parts, the body and the mind.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study of mind was supposed to be independent. Nature versus nurture theories of human behavior also explain the role played by psychology. According to the nature theory, human behavior is genetic. During the process of mutation, character traits are passed from the parents to the child so that the child behaves much more like the parents. The nurture theory is based on the assumption that human behavior depends on the environment in which an individual is brought up. Background Modern psychologists use scientific methods to study human behavior as well as his thoughts. Physiology has contributed a lot towards the emergence of psychology as a discipline. In the study of brain and behavior, physiologists applied scientific methods in an attempt to understand human behavior and thoughts. Wilhelm Wundt founded psychology in 1979. He started the first Experimental psychology lab at Leipzig. In his book, â€Å"Principles of Physiological Psychology†, he defined psychology as the study of human consciousness. He aimed at carrying out research to understand internal processes of mind .He used a method he referred to as introspection. Introspection is the process through which an individual examines and reports his/her thoughts, feeling and impressions for a period. It invo lves observing the functioning of the brain to understand the laws that govern the mind. The process occurs consciously in mind. The behavior that individuals display is based on the thoughts. Behaviorists who suggest that psychology should base on objectives and ways, which can be measured, have criticized the method. Psychologists shifted their attention from consciousness and sensation to measurable behavior. There are two major schools of thought in psychology. Structuralism was founded by Edward Titchener, a former student of Wundt founded the first major school of thought .Structuralism is the perception that mental experiences is made up of simple events. Structuralists are mainly concerned with the components of mind. Structuralists argue that consciousness of human beings can be divided in to smaller parts. Structural psychology aimed at describing consciousness in its basic elements, putting together these components and determining the relationship to each other as well a s their relationship to the nervous system. Edward classified sensations and thoughts as the major components of mind. The method used in structuralism was unreliable. This is because of the use of subjective methods in the study of the structures of mind. It is also blamed for emphasizing much on the internal behavior, which cannot be observed daily. There is no actual way of measuring internal behavior.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Relation between Amnesia and Consciousness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Functional psychology is concerned with the process through which the mind acts and functions instead of what it contains. Functionalism was advocated for by William James and Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. It was a reaction against structuralism. They used systematic and accurate ways of explaining the processes of mind. In addition to elements of consciousness, functionalists were als o interested in studying the purpose of behavior. They also dealt with differences between people, for instance, people have different levels of understanding in schools. Functionalists wanted to know reasons behind this. Amnesia is related to scientific study of consciousness. This is because the behavior that an individual exhibits depends on the state of mind. Amnesia affects the consciousness of an individual because it changes the way in which the brain functions. When people loose memory, they loose the control of their brain and therefore do things unconsciously. For example, mad persons do things unconsciously. They do things, which can never be done by a person in his right senses. Such people walk naked and eat food remainders from garbage. They are not in control of their mind and therefore do not have the knowledge that what they are doing is wrong. Such people have already lost their awareness. Consciousness is therefore influenced by amnesia. Amnesia is related to cons ciousness in the sense that if an individual is amnesiac he is likely act unconsciously (Blackmore, 2005). There are three main categories of human memories. After the creation of a memory, it is stored regardless of the time duration. There are many events, which take place in people’s lives, and if they are accommodated in the brain, it will be overworked. These stages help in sorting the information so that the most important things are permanently stored in the brain. They are sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Sensory memory involves the remembrance caused by stimulus received through the senses. People may remember something after seeing it (iconic memory), hearing a particular sound (echoic memory) or even touching it (haptic memory). Sensory memory is short term as events, which are of importance at that particular time, are stored in the brain. In short- term memory information is stored for a limited time. The capacity of remembrance is low such that only few things are stored. Valuable information is transferred from the short term to long-term memory so that they are retained for remembrance after a long period. This memory stores large volumes of data. For example, the information that students learn in schools is stored permanently in their brains. This helps them later during their exams (Blackmore, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the process of remembering something, information is willingly retrieved from unconscious level to the conscious mind. People are different in remembering where some people remember various things better than others do. Some people are said to have good memories while others poor. People who have problems of remembrance and are physically fit, it is not an implication that the whole memory system is damaged, part of the memory system is not functioning. When an individual keeps books on the drawer before going to sleep, the mind should register where the books were kept. One should pay attention to the storage place or else he will not remember the following day. The information is stored in the mind for future retrieval. If the memory system is working well, the person will find it easy to remember the following day. Difficulties in remembering may be due to lack of proper registration of the storage place, failure to retain what was registered in ones mind or poor memory retrie val. The above stages are very important in ensuring proper remembrance Relation between amnesia and consciousness. Distractions during encoding can make an individual to forget (Blackmore, 2005). Amnesia comes in different forms. The most common form is called anterograde amnesia. It involves the inability to retain and recall events, which happened after the condition. Patients find it hard remember things that have just happened in their lives. If you ask them of their last diet, they will not be in a position to tell. Another characteristic of those patients is their tendency to talk of disorderly things. They may be explaining things, which never happened, in the real sense. In this case, their minds are full of fabricated events. Dementia and Alzheimers diseases have such characteristics. Some Patients forget the events, which took place before the beginning of Amnesia. This is called retrograde amnesia. It mainly occurs because of head injuries. Some patients lose memory of t he events in the previous hours completely. This condition is mostly found among the old people. The conditions disorient the patients so that they keep asking the same questions repeatedly. Those people may not know where they are, what they do and some cannot tell their names. Other mental diseases like madness contribute to memory loss (Elchenbaum Cohen, 1995). Amnesia is also caused by drug abuse. Excessive usage of drugs affects the brain so that the normal functioning of the brain is affected. Most drugs are harmful to human health. Tobacco and alcohol for instance affects the lungs making the breathing system difficult. When persons become addicted, they concentrate much on the drugs. In many cases, drug addicts do not have control on their actions. When they are under the influence of the dugs, they do things, which they cannot remember the following day. They cannot remember the words they utter once they come in their right senses. Stress also contributes to memory loss. When one is stressed, there is low concentration on what is done It is difficult for example for a student to understand what is being taught by their teacher if he is under stress. The student is likely to forget what is taught in class at that particular time (Eichenbaum Cohen, 1995). Critique In future, psychologists should employ accurate measures of explaining the behavior of human beings. This is because functional and structural theories of explaining human behaviors are not accurate. Even though amnesia leads to unconscious actions, some individuals take the advantage and prevent not to be aware of their actions. For example, many drug addicts pretend that they do not know they previously did when drunk. Some are so chaotic when drunk after which they complain not to have any knowledge on their actions. Most of them just prevent not to be aware but in the real sense, they know what they are doing. However, some like mad people do not pretend, as they do not have control ove r their actions. They even do some things, which are harmful to themselves like garbage. According to me, a research topic on the ways of ensuring that people’s actions are really unconscious should be done. This research will differentiate those people who do things out of pretence from those others. This will be of great help because many people do things and pretend not to have done but they are actually aware (Eichenbaum Cohen, 1995). Conclusion Studying the psychology of consciousness is important because it helps in understands the behavior of amnesiacs. Amnesiacs do not have control on the things they do .They do things unconsciously. For instance, mad people usually do abnormal things. They eat dirty foods, dress indecently among other abnormal activities. This is because they have lost their memory of differentiating the right from wrong. For the elderly people, their level of retrieving information is very low. As they grow old, the level of their understanding goe s down. They forget easily, an effect that can lead to wrong steps. In conclusion, amnesia and consciousness are intertwined because they affect each other. Loss of memory leads to unconscious actions so that the person is not conscious about the action he takes. Conscious individuals are accountable for the actions they take while unconscious individuals are not (Parkin, 1997). References Blackmore, S. (2005). Consciousness: A very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Blackmore, S. (2005). Conversations on consciousness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Eichenbaum, H. Cohen, N. (1995). Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampus system. New Jersey, NJ: MIT Press Holland, O. (2003). Machine consciousness. Washington, DC: Imprint Academic Parkin, A. (1997). Memory and amnesia: An introduction. London: Psychology Press.

How can women climb up the corporate ladder in China Dissertation

How can women climb up the corporate ladder in China - Dissertation Example This instills in the women low esteem and lack of confidence. The results of this research show that most women consider ambition as a bad thing. Also, many Chinese women deliberately avoid high position jobs either because they lack confidence or because they want to maintain a balanced lifestyle. One interesting thing that has been observed in this research is that a large number of Chinese women believe that if they become too successful in their career, then it becomes difficult to attract eligible Chinese men. This is because most Chinese men still retain the traditional thinking that a perfect wife is one who can manage her home and family, and does not focus on earning money. Contents I. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 II. Literature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 III. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 IV. Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 V. Analysis ........................................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 VI. Conclusion and Recommendations ..............†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 VII. References ................................................................................18 VIII. ... According to one Chinese saying when a woman takes up a responsible position or becomes a leader it is more like â€Å"a donkey taking the place of a horse which can only lead to trouble†. There are several other such proverbs which have been belittling the dignity of women in China until the 1970s when the anti-Confucian and Lin Piao campaigns tried to improve the status of women in China. Women are still under-represented in the responsible positions in various careers. They are still deprived of the right pay and after marriage, they find it hard to maintain the right balance between family and work responsibilities (Enderwick & Dunning, 1994). However, economic restructuring, privatization, globalization has changed the nature of work, nature of management and kind of entrepreneurship among women in China. All these have influenced not only the culture of work but also in particular have influenced the equation of gendered relationships in the society of China. (Fielden & Davidson, 2010). Modern women in China today are income generators and also decision makers. Research estimates that in 1950s, women contributed to around 20% to the family income; it rose to 35% by 1990s, and expected to escalate to 52% by 2014.   Mostly, women in China have been facing traditional norms as a main barrier to their holistic growth and development.   Lack of education, early marriage, family responsibilities and the general view that women are meant to be always placed below the level of a man have been the major causes for inequality among men and women. The traditional norms are so imposing that women in China were meant to portray the â€Å"three obediences†, that is women were first supposed to obey

Research Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Article Critique - Essay Example e other paper is a quantitative research entitled, â€Å"Dance and Movement Program Improves Quality-of-Life Measures in Breast Cancer Survivors.† The qualitative research discusses the perceptions of incurable cancer patients about the quality of life at the end of life. The quantitative research discusses how dance and movement improves the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. This critique breaks down the different parts of the paper according to the critique guidelines set by Burns and Grove and by other nursing research authorities. It reviews the process of research which includes the problems and purposes, hypothesis, variables, literature review, framework of the study, study design, adequacy of the samples, directness of measurement, measurement of error, level of measurement, reliability and validity, statistical tests, findings, and implications. These elements shall be reviewed in terms of their adequacy, clarity, and completeness in answering the research q uestion posed by the papers. In the qualitative research, the research problem was clearly explained and stated in the introductory paragraph. The researchers explained how the problem came about and why they saw a need for the research to be conducted (Polit & Beck, 1997; Burns & Grove, 2001). The problem chosen is significant to nursing because it provides new ideas on how to care for the incurable cancer patient. The quantitative research also clearly stated the research problem and purpose in the introductory paragraph. After discussing the background of the study, the paper stated clearly the purpose and research problem. The problem is very much significant to nursing practice because it offers interventions on how to improve the quality of life of the cancer patient (Polit & Beck, 1997; Burns & Grove, 2001). In the qualitative research, the research objectives were incorporated in the study background. There was a smooth and easily comprehensible flow of thought from the

Modernization of NTUC income Essay Example for Free

Modernization of NTUC income Essay The problems that NTUC Income faced were that insurance processes were very tedious and paper-based. In Year 2002, their HP 3000 mainframe that hosted the core insurance applications as well as the accounting and management information systems still frequently broke down. Not only that, the HP 3000 backup system allowed restoration to only up to the previous day’s backup data. With experiencing a total of three major hardware failures, it resulted in a total of six days of complete downtime. The COBOL programs developed in the early 1980s also broke down multiple times, halted the systems and caused temporary interruptions. The IT team found that developing new products in COBOL to be quite cumbersome and time taken to launch new products ranged from a few weeks to months. Transaction processing for policy underwriting was still a batch process and information was not available to agents and advisors in real time. The problems that NTUC Income was resolved by the new digital system was that all applications resided on two or more servers, each connected by two or more communication lines, all of which were â€Å"load balanced.† A real time hot backup disaster recovery centre was also implemented where the machines were always running and fully operational. Under the new system, all documents were scanned and stored on â€Å"trusted† storage devices, secured, reliable digital vaults that enabled strict compliance with stringent statutory requirements. Q2:What types of information systems and business processes were used by NTUC Income before migrating to the fully digital system? Before migrating to the new digital system, the entire insurance process was operating manually. All filled up forms by the customers will be submitted by the agent through courier services to the Office Services Department and the collection schedule could delay up to two to three days. Office Services would then log documents, sort, and send to departments for underwriting while proposals were allocated to underwriting staff randomly. For storage, all original documents were packed and sent to warehouses where over two to three days, seven staff would log and store the documents. Whenever a document needed to be retrieved, it would take about two days to locate and ship it by courier and refilling would take another two days. The use of the HP 3000 mainframe was not reliable due to the frequent breakdown, decreasing productivity of the staff and wasted a lot of manpower hours. The COBOL program also encountered technical failures like not having up-to-date information which led to a loss of opportunities of cross product sales. Q3:Describe the information systems and IT infrastructure at NTUC Income after migrating to the fully digital system? After migrating to the fully digital system in June 2003 when Income switch to the Java based eBao LifeSystem from eBao Technology, The software comprised three subsystems which is Policy Administration, sales Management and Supplementary Resources. It has everything they are looking for, a customer-cendric design, seamless integration imaging and barcode technology, a product definition module that supports new products, new channels and changes in business processes. By May 2003, all customization, data migration of Income’s individual and group life insurance businesses and training were implemented and completed. New system was immediately operational on high-availability platform with multiple servers and communication lines. Further to it, its business continuity and disaster-recovery plans were revamped with a real-time hot backup disaster-recovery centre implemented as well. Data was transmitted immediately on the fly from the primary datacentre to the backup machines’ data storage so in the event of the datacentre site becoming unavailable, the operations could be switched quickly to the disaster-recovery site without the need to rely on restoration of previous day data. Lastly, they moved from a manual paper recording system to a totally paperless environment for easy access. Q4:What benefits did NTUC Income reap from the new system? NTUC Income reaped from the new system that the robust architecture had minimized downtime occurrence with all application resided on two or more servers and communication lines. With paperless environment, all documents were scanned and stored in digital vaults and as a result, about 500 office staff and 3,400 insurance advisors could access the system anytime, anywhere and staff members who would telecommute enjoy faster access to information. Because of the straight through processing workflow capabilities and flexibility, there is a 50 percent savings on both the time and cost needed to process policies. Time needed to design and launch new products was cut and reduced from weeks to just days using the table-driven rule based product-definition module. It has also allows Income’s to support agents, brokers and customers to do online services easily. Q5:Moving forward, how could NTUC Income leverage on social networks to acquire service and retain their customers?

Rhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption Essay -- essays, Movie

Rhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption is an inspiring story about Andy Dufreine and his efforts to maintain hope in horrible situations. The directors used many effective methods that displayed signs of hope in such a horrible place. Andy maintained hope by distracting his mind and always staying occupied. Andy was also inspired to survive by helping others find hope in life. The creators of this movie used several effective, and often subtle, methods to illustrate the hope found in Andy and his surroundings. Andy was always portrayed as a clean-cut and well-groomed prisoner with his shirt always buttoned and his hair always combed. This self-respect was in great contrast to the other prisoners who were portrayed as dirty, stereotypical prisoners. The common prisoners also had vocabularies and grammar that were far inferior to Andy’s. The distinctions between Andy and the common prisoners showed that Andy was different, those differences were that he had hope. Many scenes involved ironic contrasts between the tone and the surroundings. On several occasions the background music was cheerful and upbeat while the physical settings and scenery were terribly dark, dreary and depressing. One good example of this is the scene where Andy was helping the guards with their taxes. There was upbeat and cheerful music but the room and the surroundings were dark and gloomy. This hint of happiness represents how Andy’s hope ...

Multicultural Art

The three artists, David Bradley, Richard Ray Whitman and Nikki S. Lee, produce images that depict traditional minorities in situations that somehow draw them into the main stream culture created primarily by Americans of European descent. In their respective works Native American Gothic, States of Pervasive Indifference, and The Hispanic Project, they do this through several means. These range from placing their subjects in universal contexts to comparing them with subjects of traditional European American art. However each artist chooses to depict the persons represented in his or her art, the effect is a complex blend of tension and harmony, as representatives of races that have sometimes in the past had uneasy relations seek unity and resolution. The traditional racial tensions are represented most strongly in the strategies of Bradley and Whitman, who both depict Native American Indians. In fact, both painters place these Native Americans as the sole subject of the paintings, yet each manages subtly to allude to their conflict with the white race through symbolism—that is, by using a symbol that represents the entire European American race. Bradley’s American Indian Gothic identifies a Native American couple wearing the clothes of the European American. Bradley uses this strategy to show an attempt by the Indians to conform to a society that has been imposed upon them. Yet the Natives retain their spears and their tepee, implying an unwillingness to let go of their lifestyle. Likewise, Whitman’s States of Pervasive Indifference shows a Native American wrapped in an American Flag. This underlines (or perhaps mocks) the idea of the melting pot as the Native American often finds himself marginalized by society—an idea which is in direct contrast to the picture of the American flag cradling this Indian. Despite the notes of tension, David Bradley’s American Indian Gothic also shows a strong reference to the similarities of the European and Native Americans through his parody of Grant Wood’s American Gothic (Hughes, 2005). The similarities between the two paintings identify fundamental similarities in humans regardless of their cultural origins. They all have need of food, protection, and shelter—as shown by the house/tepee and the spear/fork. This too is identified in Whitman’s photograph States of Pervasive Indifference on which is clearly printed the words, â€Å"earth, air, water, fire†Ã¢â‚¬â€elements on which all people depend. Nikki S. Lee’s work can also be brought in here, as in her work The Hispanic Project a group of teenage girls is seen experiencing and doing (it would seem) the things that are typical of their age. The girls’ attitudes are universal and they could easily have been a group of European Americans. Yet they are Hispanic—except, one Asian girl (Lee herself) is in the mix, and blends so well that her cultural and ethnic difference from the rest of the group is almost obscured (Sagrans). In this way The Hispanic Project, like American Indian Gothic and States of Pervasive Indifference, identifies the common traits of the members of the human race, highlighting the multicultural harmony of the United States. In an interview, Whitman speaks about his project States of Pervasive Indifference: â€Å"In indigenous cultures we're not only concerned with human to human relationships, but also our relationship with the environment† (Abbott). Interest in one’s relationship to the environment has been sparked across the United States in recent decades, and this identifies a ground on which the several cultures of the United States have merged. The â€Å"human to human† relationships of which Whitman speaks is also evident in the strategies of The Hispanic Project, in which teenagers are having fun with each other, and their racial and cultural differences melt into the background. Human relationships that exist across racial and cultural lines are also depicted in the strategies of American Indian Gothic, as the love and marriage between the man and his wife are clearly identified to exist within the Native American society independently of influence of the Europeans. The similarity of humans despite their difference in culture is highlighted in these works. Works Cited Abbott, Larry. â€Å"Richard Ray Whitman.† A Time of Visions: Interviews by Larry Abbott.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.britesites.com/native_artist_interviews/rwhitman.htm Hughes, Collin. â€Å"Crossing Boundaries.† Washington State University. WSU. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.wsu.edu/~hughesc/crossing_boundaries.html Sagrans, Erica. â€Å"Portrait of an Assimilitarist.† UTNE: A Different Read on Life.    Understanding the Next Evolution, 2002. Multicultural Art The three artists, David Bradley, Richard Ray Whitman and Nikki S. Lee, produce images that depict traditional minorities in situations that somehow draw them into the main stream culture created primarily by Americans of European descent. In their respective works Native American Gothic, States of Pervasive Indifference, and The Hispanic Project, they do this through several means. These range from placing their subjects in universal contexts to comparing them with subjects of traditional European American art. However each artist chooses to depict the persons represented in his or her art, the effect is a complex blend of tension and harmony, as representatives of races that have sometimes in the past had uneasy relations seek unity and resolution. The traditional racial tensions are represented most strongly in the strategies of Bradley and Whitman, who both depict Native American Indians. In fact, both painters place these Native Americans as the sole subject of the paintings, yet each manages subtly to allude to their conflict with the white race through symbolism—that is, by using a symbol that represents the entire European American race. Bradley’s American Indian Gothic identifies a Native American couple wearing the clothes of the European American. Bradley uses this strategy to show an attempt by the Indians to conform to a society that has been imposed upon them. Yet the Natives retain their spears and their tepee, implying an unwillingness to let go of their lifestyle. Likewise, Whitman’s States of Pervasive Indifference shows a Native American wrapped in an American Flag. This underlines (or perhaps mocks) the idea of the melting pot as the Native American often finds himself marginalized by society—an idea which is in direct contrast to the picture of the American flag cradling this Indian. Despite the notes of tension, David Bradley’s American Indian Gothic also shows a strong reference to the similarities of the European and Native Americans through his parody of Grant Wood’s American Gothic (Hughes, 2005). The similarities between the two paintings identify fundamental similarities in humans regardless of their cultural origins. They all have need of food, protection, and shelter—as shown by the house/tepee and the spear/fork. This too is identified in Whitman’s photograph States of Pervasive Indifference on which is clearly printed the words, â€Å"earth, air, water, fire†Ã¢â‚¬â€elements on which all people depend. Nikki S. Lee’s work can also be brought in here, as in her work The Hispanic Project a group of teenage girls is seen experiencing and doing (it would seem) the things that are typical of their age. The girls’ attitudes are universal and they could easily have been a group of European Americans. Yet they are Hispanic—except, one Asian girl (Lee herself) is in the mix, and blends so well that her cultural and ethnic difference from the rest of the group is almost obscured (Sagrans). In this way The Hispanic Project, like American Indian Gothic and States of Pervasive Indifference, identifies the common traits of the members of the human race, highlighting the multicultural harmony of the United States. In an interview, Whitman speaks about his project States of Pervasive Indifference: â€Å"In indigenous cultures we're not only concerned with human to human relationships, but also our relationship with the environment† (Abbott). Interest in one’s relationship to the environment has been sparked across the United States in recent decades, and this identifies a ground on which the several cultures of the United States have merged. The â€Å"human to human† relationships of which Whitman speaks is also evident in the strategies of The Hispanic Project, in which teenagers are having fun with each other, and their racial and cultural differences melt into the background. Human relationships that exist across racial and cultural lines are also depicted in the strategies of American Indian Gothic, as the love and marriage between the man and his wife are clearly identified to exist within the Native American society independently of influence of the Europeans. The similarity of humans despite their difference in culture is highlighted in these works. Works Cited Abbott, Larry. â€Å"Richard Ray Whitman.† A Time of Visions: Interviews by Larry Abbott.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.britesites.com/native_artist_interviews/rwhitman.htm Hughes, Collin. â€Å"Crossing Boundaries.† Washington State University. WSU. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.wsu.edu/~hughesc/crossing_boundaries.html Sagrans, Erica. â€Å"Portrait of an Assimilitarist.† UTNE: A Different Read on Life.    Understanding the Next Evolution, 2002.

Myer-Briggs Type Indicator Essay

The Myers-Briggs type indicator is a psychological test that is based on the theories of Swiss Psychiatrist Carl Jung. The test divides people into 16 distinguishable personality types, based on high and low scores on four â€Å"scales† (Zemke, 1992). On the basis of their answers on the test, individuals are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling and judging or perceiving (Langton, Robbins and Judge, 2013). The MBTI has been used by many organizations around the world to assess communication styles of their employees and potential hires. Trainers and organization development specialists frequently use the MBTI in team building and communications training (Zemke, 1992). In a report released in September 1992, the National Research Council Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance concluded that trainees see their MBTI results as â€Å"true† and valuable. Eighty-four percent of army officers said the MBTI confirmed what they already knew about themselves. A significant percentage believed they would find this confirming feedback valuable in their work relationships (Zemke, 1992). The MBTI test can also be used by educational institutions such as Yorkville University to assess their students personalities and how they would approach the learning environment. Different personalities approach online learning in different ways (Russell, 2002). On an individual level, I believe that the MBTI can help an individual track their development in many different areas of their lives including work, family and other relationships. After completing the seventy-two question quiz, my results were quite consistent with my feelings. I received the results ESFP with Extraversion being 89%, Sensing at 12%, Feeling at 38% and Perceiving at 22%. Extraversion is defined as a personality factor that describes the degree to which a person is sociable, talkative and assertive. Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous (Langton et. al, 2013). I have completed previous tests through other University courses as well as through organizations and my results have always been towards extraversion. As in the above case, I was again leaned more towards extraversion than any other of the personality types. I believe that the MBTI can sometimes be inaccurate based on an individuals mood and attitude when taking the test. In-spite of its popularity, the evidence is mixed as to whether the MBTI is a valid measure of personality – with most of the evidence suggesting that it is not (Langton et. al, 2013). The one problem with the test is that it forces a person into one type pr the other but some individuals may be both introverted and extraverted to some degree. Overall, I believe it is a good general psychological test that companies should incorporate when hiring or promoting new individuals. REFERENCES: Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., and Judge, T. A., (2013). Organizational Behaviour. Concepts, Controversies, Applications Sixth Canadian Edition. Pearson Canada Inc. Russell, A. L. (2002). MBTI(R) personality preferences and diverse online learning experiences. School Libraries Worldwide, 8(1), 25. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/ 217753532?accountid=142373 Zemke, R. (1992). Second thoughts about the MBTI. Training, 29(4), 43. Retrieved from http:// search.proquest.com/docview/203389471?accountid=142373

Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross essays

Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross essays Explorers Sir John Ross and Sir James Clark Ross Two notorious explorers from the 1800s are Sir John Ross and Sir James Clark Ross. These two explorers are known for their expeditions in the Arctic. Sir John Ross, a Scottish explorer, was born on June 24, 1777. He is recognized as the first explorer to reach the Earth's magnetic north pole. Age of nine, he joined the Royal Navy and served in the Napoleonic wars. His Arctic career were made up of two naval expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and one unsuccessful attempt to find the lost explorer Sir John Franklin expedition to discover the North West Passage. His first expedition in search of the Northwest Passage in 1818 was unsuccessful. Between 1829 and 1833 he went along the East Side of the Boothia Peninsula and recorded the coast as far as Kull Island. In the west, they explored the coasts of King William Island between Cape Norton and Victory Point, finding and naming Cape Jane Franklin and Franklin Point. He also traveled along the coasts of Matty Island and recorded the West Coast of the Boothia Peninsula between Cape Porter and Cape Nicholas. In 1833, his ship hit an iceberg and was rescued. On his map of the Boothia Peninsula, Ross had drawn an isthmus "closing" Rae Strait between King William Island and Boothia. This has led some people to believe that this error may have led to the disastrous outcome of explorer John Franklin's voyage in 1846. Ross final voyage to the Arctic to find Sir John Franklin was in 1850-51. Later on Sir John Ross wrote two books describing his search for the Northwest Passage. Sir John Ross served as British consul in Stockholm, London from 1839 to1846. He died in London in 1856. Sir James Clark Ross, nephew of Sir John Ross, was born on April 15, 1800. He was a British explorer and naval officer who went on missions to both the Arctic and the co...

Understanding Sexual Dimorphism

Understanding Sexual Dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the difference in morphology between male and female members of the same species. Sexual dimorphism includes differences in size, coloration, or body structure between the sexes. For example, the male northern cardinal has a bright red plumage while the female has a duller plumage. Male lions  have a mane, female lions do not. Examples of Sexual Dimorphism Male elk (Cervus canadensis) grow antlers, while female elk do not have antlers.Male elephant seals (Mirounga sp.) develop an elongated snout and fleshy nose that they inflate as a sign of aggression when competing with other males during the mating season.Male birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae) are noted for their elaborate plumage and complex mating dances. Females are far less ornate. In most cases, when size differences exist between the male and female of a species, it is the male that is the larger of the two sexes. But in a few species, such as birds of prey and owls, the female is the larger of the sexes and such a size difference is referred to as reverse sexual dimorphism. One rather extreme case of reverse sexual dimorphism exists in a species of deepwater anglerfish called the triplewart seadevils (Cryptopsaras couesii). The female triplewart seadevil grows much larger than the male and develops the characteristic illicium that serves as a lure to prey. The male, about one-tenth the size of the female, attaches itself to the female as a parasite. Resources and Further Reading Folkens P. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: Alfred A. Knopff.

Literacy in Mulicultural Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literacy in Mulicultural Society - Essay Example At this stage in life, the child emulates the way the parents and people around communicate to each other through language. It is automatic that a child will take up the language spoken by his mother and thus the popular phrase, mother tongue. According to Ruiz (1984) the following are three ways in which language can be viewed, first as a problem, secondly as right and thirdly as a resource. An individual’s language can either be an advantage or a disadvantage depending on location and people in the vicinity. It has been possible for people to overcome the limitation of speaking only one language. Overcoming the limitation is through learning more than one language, also known as bilingualism. This paper will give a discussion of how language is a problem, a right or a resource in relation to literacy in a local and global, multicultural environment. Language Language is a form of communication organized systematically and, it incorporates the use of symbols and signs. Formal languages contain four components semantics, pragmatics, phonology and morphology (Bochner & Jones, 2004). The following are explanations of how language develops in an infant. The first one is cognitive explanation, which puts emphasis, on the relationship between language and cognition. Secondly, behaviorist explanation stresses that an infant develops language from interaction he has with the environment. Lastly, interactional explanation states that children learn through interacting with family members (Bochner & Jones, 2004). Language as a problem Language is a problem when it discriminates against those who do not speak the same language as the native speakers (Haugen 1987). Minorities have suffered their share of discrimination to the extent of denied their human rights. Individuals, whose language is inferior, have also been considered to be of low class. Immigrants have faced language as a problem in many occasions because of the fact that, they find themselves in a new e nvironment in which the native people who are the majority have their own language. The minority language is a problem to the immigrants since they cannot communicate using their own language is not appreciated or acceptable. It is evident that literacy in a multicultural environment involves using certain languages. In educational institutions, only major languages are used in learning, this means that individuals speaking minority language have to learn the major language which is used during the learning process. It is also important to note that, in major academic fields books have only been published using the main languages, local languages have not been considered in this case. Students, speaking minority language with goals of attending major universities on the global scale have employed the strategy of learning the acceptable languages during their early years of education. This has proved to be advantageous to them since they are no longer limited by a language barrier (M cIntosh, 1998). In many occasions, the issues faced when language is a problem is solved by bilingualism. Bilingualism entails understanding and speaking more than one language. Language as a problem has gone to the extent to which immigrants miss chances for admission in educational institutions. Social injustice in terms of discrimination due to language has seen to it that foreign language speakers miss the benefit of education. Individuals speaking foreign languages come to the point of abandoning their languages

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business management - Essay Example mportant when assessing the potential success of a business partnership prior to implementation since it gives a general overview of the market situation in relation to the goals of the alliance hence makes it easier to draft business strategies. The main variables analysed are the resources available to the alliance, the marketplace competitive advantage and prospective financial performance superiority. According to the model, competition typically consists of the continuous struggle among organizations for comparative advantages in their amount and quality of resources that will result to better marketplace positions (also competitive advantage) and, in so doing, superior financial performance. An analysis of these two partnerships using the resource-advantage theory shows that the partnerships put all partners involved at an advantage over their competitors, promising increased revenue returns on the venture through several avenues such as an expanded market segment, production o f high quality products and also expansion of the resource base (including funding, staff expertise and infrastructure). Google (derived from ‘googol’ meaning 10100) began as a thesis of two Ph.D. students at Stanford University who later became its founders (Google Inc. 2014: Para 1). Over the years, it has made enormous progress, made possible through a chain of acquisitions and partnerships with the aim of constantly improving customer experience through creativity and innovation. Some of the major alliances that Google has undertaken include the partnership with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and more recently, an alliance with carmakers called the Open Auto Alliance. Below is a schematic diagram of the resource-advantage model adapted from Hunt and Morgan (1997) Alliance with NASA has got very promising prospects. The main intent of this partnership is to increase innovation in the use of the internet to make it more productive and accessible. The

Comparison Of The Health Services In U.S And Brazil Essay

Comparison Of The Health Services In U.S And Brazil - Essay Example Moreover, demographers have been able to prove that over the past few years, trends such as divorce and marriages were diverging according to education. Also, demographic trends indicate an increase in the elderly population, with the trend in the age structure expected to increase from 40 million in 2014 to 80 million over the next 15 years (Nascimento, 2013). This implies that by 2032, the number of people over the age of 65 will be more than those who are below 15 years of age. At the same time, the number of potential workers per retiree will be few, as the social and financial costs of the aging population will be increasing. Without any behavioral and policy changes, the fiscal burden experienced by individual taxpayers and workers will skyrocket. In Brazil, however, there has been a decline in the fertility rates in the past few years. This has had severe consequences on the demographic pattern of its pyramid with information collected indicating an increase in the number of o ld people. However, despite this increase and a decrease in the number of children, the young age group remains to have a higher proportion when compared to the US. As a result, Brazil’s demographic trend shortly will still have an elderly population that is less than 10% and characteristically, it will be composed of the â€Å"young-old† who will be between 60 to 69 years of age. In the US, the infant mortality rate stalled, placing the US among the worst rated nation, in nations that have developed.

To Have a Baby Essay Example for Free

To Have a Baby Essay When couples have their own babies, they will experience positive things in life. For one, having a baby can change their life for the better as babies symbolize the miracle of life. Another is that it can also bring joy and happiness into their lives while easing away any of their emotional burdens. Finally, it can also train couples to become more responsible as they grow older. Babies symbolize the miracle of life and for perhaps the best reason. A newly born baby provides people a reminder of the wonders of life. From the baby’s moving arms and legs to the baby’s first cry, all of the things that a baby does are proofs of life and can only assure couples that their child is a symbol for their fruitful existence. Babies can ease any emotional burdens of couples since babies bring joy and happiness into their lives. A simple smile or chuckle from a baby can easily lighten the mood of anyone, especially the parents of the baby. It can be said that the laughter of a baby is infectious; those around a chuckling baby is sure to feel the same way, if not act in almost the same way as the baby. A â€Å"bad† day can easily turn into a bright and happy one when babies begin to smile at their parents. Having a baby is in itself a training process since the tasks involved in rearing a child from birth onwards are crucial. From changing diapers to making the baby fall asleep in one’s arms, all of the things that couples do for the welfare of their baby is a training process that nurtures them into becoming responsible individuals as parents and as members of the society. There are more positive things that babies can bring into the lives of couples, thereby making life happier for these people with fewer reasons, if any, to be disheartened. To raise a child from infancy is a challenging but rewarding experience that can only be compared next to nothing. To have a baby is to essentially have all the reasons in life to be happy and satisfied.

Robert Bolts A Man For All Seasons Essay -- Robert Bolt Man Seasons E

Robert Bolt's "A Man For All Seasons" In the play, written by Robert Bolt, 'A man for all seasons' the Common Man is a very important character and also a very important part of the play, not in the plot but in the way the play has been presented, he is both a narrator and a role player who makes the play more interesting and separates it from reality. The Common Man also introduces some of the ideas from Bertolt Brecht's work. The idea of the Common Man is a rare and rather unusual one. Robert Bolt used him intentionally to be like no other character in his play. One of the distinctive functions of the Common Man is obvious from his name. The word, 'common' meaning, 'common to us all.' Everybody in the audience should be able to relate to him. The Common Man plays a very plain and simple man and he sustains this through all his roles, especially the Boatman, who when asked to describe the life of a boatman says, 'its common.' We see the boatman as a typical hard working man as he talks about the strains of his job, 'from Richmond to Chelsea, downstream, from Chelsea to Richmond, upstream..' Yet this character is still able to make a joke about his wife to show that he is not bitter. The boatman is also the first to introduce the motif of the river, water imagery in the play. This involves the members of the play using the characteristics of water and portraying them into their own lives, an example being society figures as dry land. Throughout all the roles played by the Common Man, including the Steward, Boatman, Publican, Jailer, Foreman of the jury and a Headsman, he will always express a similar attitude, the attitude of the 'plain and simple man,' as the jailer says. The speech used amongst ... ... shows self-preservation at one point and a way in which he is not so simple and ordinary, when he declines the bribe, where as a simple man might have just taken the money, The Common Man understands the wrong and refuses the money. During his role as the Foreman of the Jury, The Common Man seems to bring all the roles together I think a quote that very well sums up the Common Man is when the jailer says, 'Better alive and no conscience, than dead with morals.' But I think the Common Man's most major function in the play is his part as narrator, if it wasn't for the Common Man the story would be told alone just by the characters, this could mean the story might be harder to understand as it goes along. Furthermore the story would be less interesting as well as harder to grasp. The Common Man is a very important part of the play 'A man for all seasons.'

Hero’s Heart Essay

â€Å"Not the glittering weapon fights the fight, but rather the hero’s heart. † (Proverbs Quotes) I agree with Proverbs, that the hero’s heart fights the fight because I believe that a hero can be a hero without having to use a weapon. I believe that a hero is someone that is mentally strong and has the ability to lead, that it is showing dedication to a quest, and that is not giving up even when the world around you seems like it has given up on you. Heroism is being capable of being mentally strong and has the ability to be a leader. In the poem A Man by Nina Cassian a man has lost an arm in while fighting for his country. The man knows that he â€Å"shall only be able to do things by halves. † (Line 3) Even though â€Å"the man† has lost an arm he realized that he had to â€Å"set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. † The man recognizes his limitations but still has the will in his mind to push forward and never stop living life just because of one little set back. Also, a daughter writes about her mother, Ana, who is struggling through cancer. Ana’s daughter says that even though she is going through cancer again â€Å"she gets up with a smile and still has the strength to be a mother to me. † This shows that Ana is mentally strong because she is able to care for her loved ones as for someone else they would most likely give up and not want to deal with the pain any longer, especially if they have already gone through cancer and it has come back. In addition, in the movie Mulan, the main character has to be strong and take her father’s place in the army to save his life. She has to be mentally strong to deal with all of the things that she may face when she goes to war. Examples of heroism are when people, whether they are real people in movies or characters out of books dedicate their lives to a quest. In the Odyssey, Odysseus goes on the quest of killing the Cyclops. He has to go on this quest so that he can protect the people in his village. He is a hero because he gave the Cyclops wine â€Å"so that he could taste the sort of drink he carried on his ship. † This shows he is a hero that goes on a quest because he had to give the Cyclops wine in order to kill him once he became drunk. Another example of heroism is Mulan the movie. In the movie Mulan, Mulan goes on a quest with the Chinese army to take the place of her father because he was too sick to fight; therefor Mulan chose to dress up as man to save her father’s life. In the passages written by Ana’s family members, they all feel that she is â€Å"strong† and that she has the â€Å"strength to carry on each an everyday. † Ana’s quest makes her a hero because even though she going through a rough patch she never gives up. Heroism is not giving up when the world around you seems as if they have given up on you. For in the poem A Man, he does not give up living his life even though he has lost an arm. He has turned this accident into a positive. He believes that â€Å"where the arm had been torn away a wing grew. † (Lines 17-18) I believe that this shows the man not giving up because he could have easily let his arm that was lost be the thing that he focuses on most every day but instead makes it a good thing. The man â€Å"set himself to do everything with twice as much enthusiasm. † Also, Ana, a cancer patient has to stay strong for her family. The only thing keeping Ana from giving up is her loving family. Ana’s daughter states that her mother says â€Å"keep going; keep going, like a giant guardian angel above the roaring crowd. † (Piece 3- lines 5-6) Lastly in Moco Limping, a dog named Moco had a dead leg. Moco wants his owner to love him as much as he loves him. â€Å"I feel his warm fur and his imperfection is forgotten. † In present day life the pop culture makes everything seem like if you don’t get fame for it then it is not important. Heroism isn’t about the fame and fortune, it’s about doing something for someone else or just for yourself; meaning that a hero is someone that is brave and has noble qualities. Being a hero can be as simple as saving one’s cat from a tree, pulling a dog out of a whole, or even fighting a deathly disease like cancer. When you have the will power and the courage to do something to help someone else or protect them you could be considered that person’s hero. You never know if you are a hero until you do something heroic. Throughout the process of analyzing these heroic qualities I have realized that a hero can be an everyday person in everyday life. If I am ever given the task to rise up and become a hero like the people and things I analyzed I hope I will have the courage like my characters did.

How Organized Sports Affect Academics

Most countries in the world have facilitated sports for extra-curricular activities in schools. Sports provide an opportunity for which students can develop their physical fitness, mental stability, leadership qualities and teamwork skills. Sports play an integral part in the development of children. It teaches them how to compete fairly and how to handle pressure. Balancing sports and academics properly also teaches children proper time-management skills and balance of their activities. Organized sports can, however, also have negative effects relating to students’ academic load. Purpose of the research The assignment is a mandatory component of the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) Caribbean Studies course, in which a research project that addresses social issues must be carried out. This research is intended to explore the effects that organized sports have on students’ academic performance. The results from this research can prove useful in informing students that participating in organized sports can aid in their academic performance. Significance of the research Previous studies have shown that organized sports do indeed affect academic performance in schools. This study differs from others as it intends to outline the positive effects of participation in sports, and to show how they significantly outweigh the drawbacks of such activities. Research questions This research intends to find out: * What percentage of students do involve in sports as an extra-curricular activity? * What sports do students generally participate in? Definition of Technical Terms Cognitive Skills and Attitudes – Attention, concentration, memory, verbal ability. Academic Behaviors – Conduct, attendance, time on task, homework completion. Academic Achievement – Standardized test scores, grades. Literature Review This review will bring further clarity on what is being researched, and show the effectiveness of the sources in providing timely, relevant and reliable information. Some say the impact of the involvement of students in extra-curricular activities of a sporting nature on their academic performance is quite positive, others disagree. This issue has been debated by researchers, students and parents for many years. Extracurricular Activities and Academic Performance Numerous studies have been conducted concerning the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance. Total extracurricular activity participation (TEAP), or participation in extracurricular activities in general, is associated with an improved grade point average, higher educational aspirations, increased college attendance, and reduced absenteeism† (Broh, 2002). Many extracurricular activities have proven to be beneficial in building and strengthening academic achievement, even if the activities are not obviously related to academic subjects. Guest and Schneider (2003), in looking at the previous research on this subject said, â€Å"Researchers have found positive associations between extracurricular participation and academic achievement†. Although researchers agree that extracurricular activities do, in fact, influence academic performance, the specific effect that various activities produce is debated. One study, conducted by the National Educational Longitudinal Study, found that â€Å"participation in some activities improves achievement, while participation in others diminishes achievement† (Broh, 2002). Formal versus Informal Extracurricular Activities Some researchers have divided extracurricular activities into informal and formal activities. The formal activities include activities which are relatively structured, such as participating in athletics or learning to play a musical instrument. Informal activities, on the other hand, also known as leisure activities, include less structured activities, such as watching television. The Relationship between Athletics and Academic Performance Some research indicates that physical activity not only improves academic performance, but has an actual physical benefit for the mind. Shepard, a world renowned neurologist said, â€Å"Regular physical activity might influence cognitive development by increasing cerebral blood flow, altering arousal and associate neruohormonal balance, changing nutritional status, or promoting the growth of interneuronal connections†. * U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Adolescent and School Health www. cdc. gov/HealthyYouth Revised Version — July 2010 (Replaces April 2010 Early Release) Results: Nineteen studies (reported in 14 articles) focused specifically on the relationship between academic performance and activities organized through school that occur outside of the regular school day. These activities included participation in school sports (interscholastic sports and other team or individual sports) as well as other after-school physical activity programs. All 19 studies examining the relationships between participation in extracurricular physical activities and academic performance found one or more positive associations. The evidence suggests that superintendents, principals, and athletic directors can develop or continue school-based sports programs without concern that these activities have a detrimental impact on students’ academic performance. School administrators and teachers also can encourage after-school organizations, clubs, student groups, and parent groups to incorporate physical activities into their programs and events. Children and adolescents engage in different types of physical activity, depending on age and access to programs and equipment in their schools and communities. Elementary school-aged children typically engage in free play, running and chasing games, jumping rope, and age-appropriate activities that are aligned with the development of fundamental motor skills. The development of complex motor skills enables adolescents to engage in active recreation (e. g. , canoeing, skiing, rollerblading), resistance exercises with weights or weight machines, individual sports (e. g. , running, cycling), and team sports (e. g. , basketball, baseball). Most youth, however, do not engage in the recommended level of physical activity. For example, only 17. 1% of U. S. igh school students meet current recommendations for physical activity (CDC, unpublished data, 2009). In addition to school-day opportunities, youth also have opportunities to participate in physical activity through extracurricular physical activities (e. g. , school sports, organized sports, recreation, other teams), which may be available through schools, communities, and/or after-school programs. Seventy-six percent of 6- to 12-year-olds reported participating in some sports in 1997, and in 2007, 56% of high school students reported playing on one or more sports teams organized by their school or community in the previous 12 months.

Illustrator Paper essays

Illustrator Paper essays Tomie dePaola is a very popular childrens book author that writes and illustrates his own books. Although dePaola has dozens of books written and illustrated by him, many of his books illustrations are similar. In a sample of three of his books, Pancakes for Breakfast, Tom, and Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, his characters look very much alike and his styles are similar. However, there are some elements from each book that differs from each other. In all three books, dePaola uses all kinds of lines, jagged, straight, thick, thin, and soft to do a couple of different things. First of all, characters in all 3 of his books are very simple. Their faces and their emotions are expressed through simple lines and shapes. Although they are not complex, you are able to see what the characters are thinking and feeling simply by looking at how dePaola composes his lines. Second, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he used bumpy lines to show slopes and hills and jagged lines to draw shapes of tree branches. In Strega Nonas Magic Lessons, dePaola used a lot of curvy lines on his characters. He did a good job of showing the characters more full body shapes through use of curvy lines rather than straighter lines. Third, dePaola also uses his lines to create texture in Pancakes for Breakfast, but not so much in Strega Nonas Magic Lessons and Tom. For example, in Pancakes for Breakfast, he does a very good job of using criss cross lines to sh ow how barn walls are textured, and he did a really good job of using lines to show the rough texture of hay in the barn. Lastly, in Strega Nona, dePaola uses softer lines and shadows to show depth in his illustrations. In all three of the books examined, dePaola uses a lot of colors to engage the young reader. However, all three books had different color schemes. For example, in Strega Nona, he used a lot of mixed colors. He used different shades of ...

Alternative chemical names Essay Example

Alternative chemical names Essay Example Alternative chemical names Essay Alternative chemical names Essay 1. Introduction: 1.1. Background on GHB Gamma hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) is a fatty acid consists of a short concatenation with four Cs has the undermentioned expression: Ohio? ? ? CH2? ? ? CH2? ? ? ? CH2? ? ? ? COOH GHB has alternate chemical names including 4- hydroxybutyrate, 4- hydroxybutanoic acid, hydroxybutyric acid and Na ox bate. It is often supplied as a white pulverization that is odorless with somewhat piquant gustatory sensation, sometimes in capsules and on juncture as tablets. It can be taken orally and can be dissolved in H2O ( Wills, 2005 ) . GHB is a metabolite of Gamma -amino butyric acid ( GABA ) . Its presence in the encephalon shows unequal distribution and it is of import to cognize that comparatively higher degrees of GHB are discovered in kidney, bosom and skeletal musculus ( Nelson et al, 1981 ) . The normal concentration of GHB in the human encephalon is two to three times higher in the basal ganglia than in the intellectual cerebral mantles ( Okun et al. , 2001 ) . Barbaccia et Al, 2005 proposes that the presence of GHB in mammals including worlds, together with the unequal distribution in the encephalon and the talk that synthesis and release of GHB are regulated procedures, indicates that GHB may move as neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. GHB is an of import compound, in three respects, in that it is present endogenously as gamma Hydroxybutyric acid, abused drug as illegal GHB and a curative drug as Gamma Hydroxybutyrate, Na salt ; or sodium ox bates ( Carter et al. , 2009 ) . These facets are discussed below: 1.2. GHB as a curative drug GHB was synthesized in 1960 to bring forth an parallel for the ubiquitous inhibitory encephalon neurotransmitter GABA that would traverse the blood-brain barrier. It s used as anesthetic drug for minor surgical processs, but now the usage of GHB as an anesthetic is diminishing, although it is still permitted in Germany for endovenous anesthesia ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was known as Na ox bate under the trade name Xyrem for the intervention of cataplexy associated with narcolepsy, and for the intervention of utmost daytime drowsiness with narcolepsy ( Fuller and Hornfeldt, 2003 ) . Narcolepsy is considered as a sleep upset that is characterised by disconnected dark clip slumber and daylight sleepiness, and can besides include cataplexy which is characterised as loss of musculus tone with integral consciousness. Surveies in narcolepsy illustrate that GHB was valuable in handling the daylight cataplexy and helped it handling confused sleep/wake rhythms of these patients. GHB dark doses were selected to cut down the figure of night-time waking ups and daytime cataplexy ; besides it can develop a good form in narcoleptic patients ( Carter et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, GHB is under survey for insomnia associated with schizophrenic disorder. There is some presymptomatic verification of the public-service corporation of GABA? -receptor agonists such as GHB for such sleep upsets ( Balla et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was found to cut down intoxicant backdown marks and symptoms such as shudder, sudating, sickness, depression, and anxiousness ( Gallimberti et al, 1989 ) . Reports are increasing about the effectivity of GHB in advancing abstinence in alkies taking to the blessing of GHB in Italy and Austria for the intervention of alcohol addiction under the trade name Alcover ( Begh A ; egrave ; and Carpanini, 2000 ) . A new survey, verified that GHB was more valuable than Valium in handling intoxicant backdown syndrome. GHB reduced anxiousness, agitation and current depression more quickly than Valium and every bit expeditiously as clomethiazole. GHB was used at the dosage of 50-100 mg/kg separated to three or four day-to-day doses, and no terrible side effects were registered ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB is a supposed neurotransmitter that was consumed by organic structure builders to increase the release of growing endocrine, besides sold as a wellness quinine water to dieters and individuals with insomnia. GHB was manufactured throughout the late eightiess in the USA and marketed as a dietetic addendum in 1990s ( Chin et al, 1992, Okun et al. , 2001 and Wong et Al, 2004 ) . 1.3 GHB as a drug of maltreatment Throughout the late of 1990s GHB had became a popular drug in nines known as club drug due to its widespread among persons while go toing cabarets, raves, and circuit parties ( Wong et al, 2004 ) . GHB is abused significantly as a day of the month colza drug and as drug-facilitated sexual assault due to its ataractic and hypnotic effects ( Schwartz et al. , 2000 and Halkitis et al. , 2007 ) . In malice of Food and Drug Administration prohibition, this substance is still used. More than 40 instances of GHB toxic condition are reported in California with farther instances in other provinces. The forecast for GHB toxic condition instances is non bad ; there are no accepted studies of long-run inauspicious effects or deceases, nor any cogent evidence for physiological dependence ( Chin et al, 1992 ) . 2. Pharmacology of GHB Roth and Giarman ( 1970 ) demonstrated that GHB is a of course happening substance in the encephalon of mammals and suggested its function as a neurotransmitter. As illustrated in figure 1, the primary precursor of GHB in the encephalon is GABA, which is transformed into succinic semialdehyde ( SSA ) through a GABA-transaminase and so transformed into GHB by a specific succinic semialdehyde reductase ( SSR ) . GHB can besides be retransformed into SSA by a GHB dehydrogenase, and so SSA can be transformed back to GABA. SSA can besides be changed by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase ( SSADH ) into succinic acid and so extra metabolized by the Krebs rhythm in chondriosome ( Caputo et al. , 2009 ) . GHB was revealed to heighten the activity of ventral tegmental country ( VTA ) dopaminergic nerve cells by the suppression of VTA GABAergic nerve cells and hence GHB enhances the release of Dopastat into the karyon accumbens ( NAc ) . The changing of NAc Dopastat degree is the cardinal action of many drugs of maltreatment, but most of them besides act on other sender systems besides. The other major mark is the glutamatergic system: improved glutamate transmittal is necessary to show drug-seeking, Restoration or sensitisation ; besides many drugs are exciting their ain receptor in the NAc ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 2.1. Pharmacokineticss of GHB GHB soaking up is rapid and the peak plasma concentrations following unwritten disposal are 30- 60 proceedingss. Unlike GABA, GHB easy crosses the blood-brain barrier, and the plasma half life of GHB is 20-30 min ( van Noorden et al. , 2009 ) . Although nutrient did non change riddance and urinary elimination of unchanged GHB, nutrient well affect the bioavailability of GHB by cut downing peak plasma concentration, lifting average time-to-peak concentration, and doing the country under the plasma concentration-time curve to be decreased, ( Borgen et al. , 2003 ) . Clearance is 14.0 milliliter min? ? kilogram? ? at a dosage of 12.5 mg/kg and half life is 20 proceedingss. GHB metamorphosis is really fast and leads it to come in the citric acerb rhythm as succinate which is converted to CO2 + H2O ( Doherty et al. , 1975 ) . GHB is about wholly oxidised to carbon dioxide and about 2- 5 % was eliminated in the piss ( Gantt et al. , 1997 ) . GHB is excreted in the piss, its about less than 5 % being unchanged with a maximal concentration after about 60 min. Therefore, GHB can non be detected after 24 hours following disposal, and piss can be used in forensic probes merely when the sample is collected about instantly after ingestion ( Brenneisen et al. , 2004 ) . GHB pharmacokinetics has been verified as nonlinear in worlds and rats and whole clearance diminutions with lifting dosage. Assorted mechanisms are joined to the nonlinear pharmacokinetics and these include capacity-limited metamorphosis, saturable soaking up, and nonlinear nephritic clearance. Nephritic clearance becomes increasingly of import in overdose conditions with high urinary concentrations reported in worlds ; nevertheless, metabolic clearance considered as the chief riddance tract for GHB ( Morris and Felmlee, 2009 ) . Elimination half-life corresponds to the clip needed for the concentration of drug in the plasma, or the drug sum in the organic structure, to cut down by half or 50 % , the t? of GHB is 0.3 -1.0 H, and the volume of distribution is 0.4 L/kg. Bioavailability of GHB after unwritten consumption is rather low, after five half-lives or about 97 % of a drug is eliminated from the organic structure ( Jones et al. , 2009 ) . 2.2. Pharmacodynamics of GHB GHB binds to both specific high-affinity GHB sites and to GABA? receptors, doing the apprehension of its neuropharmacology rather complex ( H A ; oslash ; g et Al, 2008 ) . Carter et al, 2009, revealed that there are several likely pharmacological mechanisms for GHB. GHB is metabolized to GABA, which binds to GABAA and GABA? receptors. Besides GHB can adhere to GABA? and/ or GHB receptors, like the NCS-382 ( 6, 7, 8, 9 -tetrahydro-5 ( H ) -5-ol- ylidene acetic acid ) drug besides adhering to GHB receptors. Selective ligands for GABAA, GABA? and GHB receptors are shown in Figure 2. A figure of the behavioural effects of GHB are non reversed by the GHB receptor adversary NCS-382, and are blocked by GABA? receptor adversaries. NCS-382 does non impact GABAA receptor-gated chloride channels or the GABA? receptor ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . This shows that some of the effects are independent of GHB receptors and GABA receptors. There is grounds from surveies of the interactions of GHB and baclofen with adversaries at the subtype of glutamate receptors called N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) . The NMDA adversary dizocilpine ( MK- 801 ) increases GHB-induced catalepsy in gnawers and these cataleptic effects of GHB are increased non merely by MK-801 but besides by other drugs with NMDA antagonist action, such as PCP ( PCP ) and Ketalar, on the other manus, these NMDA adversaries do non impact the cataleptic effects of baclofen ( Koek et al, 2009 ) . The surveies show that chronic GHB usage enhances dopaminergic, acetylcholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmission, and down-regulation of GABA receptors ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . 2.2.1. GABA receptors ( GABAA and GABA? receptors ) GABA? receptors are present on GABAergic and non-GABAergic nerve cells and can modulate neural ( GABAergic ) signalling pre- and post-synaptically by diminishing neurotransmitter release ( Bonanno and Raiteri, 1993 ) . Activation of GABA? receptors can increase the production of some neuroactive steroids that positively modulate GABAA receptors ( Barbaccia et al, 2002 ) . Activation of GABA? receptors by GHB can explicate the effects of GHB on GABAA receptor. Animal surveies revealed that GHB causes absence-like ictuss and this type of ictuss is aggravated by GABAA agonists ( Snead and Liu, 1992 ) . GHB effects differ from the effects of GABA, even though GHB is closely related to GABA and can trip GABA? receptors in elevated doses ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . GHB is known to be metabolized to GABA and to adhere to GABAB and GHB receptors without demoing considerable binding to sites on GABAA receptors ( Carter et al, 2009 ) . GHB in little doses has anxiolytic effects in rats, these anxiolytic effects are non opposed by the GHB receptor adversary, NCS-382, nor by Narcan, which is the opioid receptor adversary. However, the anxiolytic effects of GHB are reversed by flumazenil, which is the benzodiazepine receptor adversary, bespeaking GHB interaction with GABAA receptors that mediate the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines ( Schmidt-Mutter et al. , 1998 ) . GHB given exogenously to cut down the symptoms of intoxicant backdown syndrome in worlds due to the transition of GHB to GABA which activate GABAA receptors ( caputo et al, 2009 ) . The chief important clinical consequence of exogenic GHB is a cardinal nervous system depression by adhering to the GABA? receptor. Surveies are show that GHB activates the GABA? receptor either straight or after transition into GABA ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . 2.2.2. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ( GHB ) receptors GHB besides binds to the GHB receptors which are reported to be present in the mammalian encephalon. Several structural parallels of GHB were established to hold a selective activity for the GHB receptor without any consequence of GABA? receptor ( Ticku and Mehta, 2008 ) . Newly established derived functions of phenylacetic acid, including the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) diclofenac, bind to definite GHB adhering sites with affinity similar to GHB, and the presence of these separate GHB binding sites is besides supported by the production of selective GHB ligands such as NCS-382 ( H A ; oslash ; g et al. , 2008 ) . GHB receptors are found chiefly in nerve cells of the cerebral mantle, striate body, and hippocampus. Not merely is GHB an endogenous substrate for GHB receptors but besides succinate, a common tricarboxylic acerb rhythm metabolite binds to the same site ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 2.3. GHB prodrugs: gamma-butyrolactone ( GBL ) and 1, 4-butanediol ( 1, 4-BD ) The GHB parallels GBL and 1, 4-BD became popular drugs, as a effect of the Food and Drug Administration prohibition on nonprescription GHB in 1990, they are quickly metabolized to GHB by the enzymes serum lactonase and intoxicant dehydrogenase, respectively.The clinical effects of GBL and 1, 4-BD are tantamount to the effects of exogenously administered GHB e.g. , sleepiness, euphory and animal feeling ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . GBL and 1, 4-BD compounds are present of course in rat encephalon at concentrations of about 1/10 of concentrations of GHB. These paths may be of significance to the synthesis of GHB under restricting conditions ( Lyon et al, 2007 ) . 3. Behavioral effects of GHB Survey in 1964 characterizes GHB as hypothermic, hypnotic, anesthetic, and anti-convulsant, with no clear respiratory depression or toxicity ( Carter et al, 2009 ) . Regular disposal of GHB causes down ordinance of GABA receptors, this lead to drug dependance as a agency to maintain up homeostasis ( Constantinides and Vincent, 2009 ) . A figure of carnal surveies indicate that the habit-forming belongingss of GHB may be mediated through the GABA? receptor ( van Noorden et Al, 2009 ) . Numerous surveies propose that GABA? receptors are chiefly indispensable for assorted behavioral effects of GHB, including hypolocomotion, catalepsy, ataxy, loss of compensating, decreased operant responding, and discriminatory stimulation effects. The typical GABA? receptor agonist baclofen besides produce all of these effects of GHB. GABA? receptors have a important function on the GHB effects ; nevertheless, the effects of GHB are like but non indistinguishable to the effects of the baclofen, which is a typical GABA? receptor agonist ( Koek et al, 2009 ) . 4. Changes in cistron look in GHB treated cells GHB is known to hold profound pharmacological effects, through binding to either the GHB receptor or GABA receptors. It is therefore possible that exposure to GHB can be monitored beyond 12 hours by mensurating GHB dependent alterations in cistron look. In old surveies, two messenger RNA transcripts have been identified as being up regulated following GHB exposure epiregulin and Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa ( PEA-15 ) . The same survey revealed that GHB bring on cistron look alterations in a mouse theoretical account, and these alterations depend on the clip interval station exposure ( Larson et al, 2007 ) . 4.1. Epiregulin look in GHB treated cells The growing and distinction of cells are controlled by peptide growing factors and there is grounds that this growing control involves growing factors and their receptors in tumour every bit good as non-tumor cells. Epiregulin is considered as a member of the cuticular growing factor household ( Toyoda et al, 1995 ) . The cuticular growing factor receptor ( EGFR ) belongs to a household of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases and many different growing factors can function as ligands for the EGFR and these include cuticular growing factor ( EGF ) , transforming growing factor-R ( TGF-R ) , heparin-binding EGF-like growing factor ( HB-EGF ) , betacellulin ( BTC ) , amphiregulin ( AR ) , epiregulin ( EPR ) , and epigen ( EPG ) . All EGFR ligands are synthesized as membrane proteins and released from the cell surface by regulated proteolysis ( Baldys et al, 2009 ) . 4.2. Phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes of 15 kDa ( PEA-15 ) look PEA-15 is a little protein ( 15 kDa ) that was recognized ab initio as a plentiful phosphoprotein in encephalon astrocytes. A figure of surveies have established that PEA-15 regulate multiple cellular maps through its interaction with constituents of chief intra- cellular transduction tracts ( Sharif et al, 2004 ) . PEA-15 is a little anti-apoptotic protein expressed in a wide assortment of tissues and enrich in astrocytes, a figure of surveies showed that PEA-15 is capable to adhere to the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 ( ERK2 ) , even though it is non a substrate. The ERK2 cascade is activated by a aggregation of external factors such as growing factors, endocrines, and neurotransmitters. When initiated, the cascade plays of import functions in a scope of cellular actions such as proliferation, distinction, and programmed cell death. The inactivated ERK2 is normally situated in the cytosol. The over look of PEA-15 prevents ERK2 from roll uping in the karyon, proposing that one function of PEA-15 is to attach ERK2 in the cytosol ( Callaway et al, 2007 ) . PEA-15 plays an anti-apoptotic function in cellular tracts in a figure of cell types including malignant neoplastic disease cells and it s more expressed in terminally differentiated cells advancing endurance ( Mizrak et al, 2007 ) . Phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes/phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes ( PED/PEA-15 ) is overexpressed in several tissues of persons affected by type 2 diabetes. In integral cells and in transgenic animate being theoretical accounts, PED/PEA-15 over look impair insulin ordinance of glucose conveyance and this is mediated by its interaction with the C-terminal D4 sphere of phospholipase D1 ( PLD1 ) and the attendant addition of protein kinase C- activity. ( Viparelli et al, 2008 ) 4.1. SHSY5Y cell line The SH- SY5Y cell line is a three times cloned neuroblastoma cells, originated from the neuroblastoma line SK-N-SH which are originally established from a bone marrow biopsy of a neuroblastoma patient and neuroblastoma line SK-N-MC. SHSY5Y cells are described foremost in 1978 and go avaiable for surveies ( ( Biedler et al,1973 and Biedler et al,1978 ) . Recent surveies in SH-SY5Y cell lines illustrate the efficiency of transition of 1,4 Butanediol to GHB when the chief GHB synthesis tract from GABA is closed, one time the concentration of GHB is lowered, the cell respond to counterbalance GHB, this explains the presence of specific doorsill for GHB in the cell ( Lyon et al, 2007 ) . The SHSY5Y cells are often used as a neural cell theoretical account due to their sympathetic characteristic and low resting membrane potency, SHSY5Y cells are used in many surveies associating to tumour cell growing and neural cell biological science ( Tosetti et al, 1998 ) . Astroglial cell line The cardinal nervous system consists of a figure of cell populations, largely nerve cells, microglial cells and macroglial cells. The chief macroglial cell types are astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Many maps including cellular support, ion homeostasis, neurotransmitters uptake, CNS immune system part and neuromodulation are attributed to astroglia ( Ridet et al, 1997 ) . Astrocytes are late considered as cells that propagate Ca2+ over drawn-out distance in response to stimulation, and, like nerve cells, release senders ( called gliotransmitters ) in a Ca2+-dependent mode to set a host of important encephalon maps. Astrocytes are besides stated to play an of import function in modulating neural excitant synaptic activity by Ca2+-dependent release of the gliotransmitters glutamate and ATP ( Fiacco, et Al, 2009 ) . Recent surveies found that the chief consequence of GHB in the karyon accumbens ( NAC ) was the activation of subpopulation of astrocytes. It induced Ca2+ transients in a subpopulation of astrocytes and this consequence is dose-dependent. GHB did non move on GABA? receptor or GHB receptor in the NAC, but induced Ca2+ transients in a subpopulation of astrocytes. The activation of astrocytes by GHB proposes their association in GHB-mediated physiological effects ( Molnar et al, 2009 ) . 5. Purpose of this survey This survey is aimed to widen the window of sensing of GHB beyond 12 hours through happening robust alternate markers of GHB disposal. GHB maltreatment and particularly in day of the month colza sexual assaults has increased in recent old ages. Current sensing methods rely on trying blood and piss but the rapid rate of metamorphosis of GHB means that GHB can vanish and the condemnable instances are frequently hard to prosecute. However, GHB is known to hold profound pharmacological effects, through binding to either the GHB receptor or GABA receptors. It is therefore possible that exposure to GHB can be monitored beyond 12 hours by mensurating the GHB dependant alterations in cistron look. 6. Survey program In this survey, the consequence of different doses and times of GHB exposure on the look of epiregulin, PEA-15 and other cistrons in SH-SY5Y cells and astroglial cells will be evaluated utilizing a combination of quantitative RT-PCR, Western smudges and proteomics ( 2D-gels ) . I hope that a full look profile will be obtained, and besides that the mechanism of ordinance can be elucidated, including finding of the function of GHB and GABA receptors in interceding these effects, by proving GHB, GBL1 and1, 4-BD, in add-on to GHB and GABA receptors antagonsts. 7. Decision GHB is an of import and actuating compound in that it is present endogenously as gamma Hydroxybutyric acid, abused drug as illegal GHB, and a curative drug as Gamma Hydroxybutyrate, Na salt ; or sodium ox bates. 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