What Are the Key Factors Which Lead to the Downfall of the Romanov Dynasty Essay Example for Free

What Are the Key Factors Which Lead to the Downfall of the Romanov Dynasty Essay1917 saw the conclusion of the reign of the Romanov Dynasty, as well as the death of Russias uttermost monarch, tsar Nicholas II. It is evident that the downfall of the Romanov Dynasty was directly linked to key factors such as the autocratic style of the Romanov dynasty and the nature of the social structure, as well as the evolving nation of Russia, as a ending of industrialisation. The Romanov family was viewed by the people of Russia as speckers sent from God. However as the 20th degree Celsius neared, this unfathomed admiration the public possessed for the lofty family receded and was replaced by intellect.A growing sense of semipolitical and social awareness of the unkepter classes, as well as the introduction of democratic ideas from the West had sparked a change. The twentieth century saw the birth of new ideologies such as Leninism, Marxism, Liberalism and Socialism. These ideologi es proposed new models of authorities techniques and questions the ruling of the Romanov Dynasty. tzar horse parsley II sensed the rising threat of terrorism threatening the Imperial family and more importantly the Dynastys autocratic rule.The responsibility of Russia was bestowed upon Nicholas II, son of Alexander II, based on the dynastys ritualistic practice of passing the throne to the Tsars eldest son or closest senior virile relative. Nicholas II was reluctant to accept the responsibility of Russia, as well as its 126 subjects however he acknowledged the burden of the crown as a religious experience destined by God. By the beginning of the 20th century, Russia had established itself as a vast empire, however in comparison to other countries Russia was a backward society with mostly undeveloped resources.At this time, Russia had established rigid class distinctions, with 88% of the population farming the countryside as serfs, whilst land and high government positions were ow ned by 5% of Russias population. In 1816, serfdom was abolished and peasants were free, however were required to pay compensation for land that they believed they already owned. Although agriculture remained the principle mode of maintaining a livelihood for the lower class, peasants often struggled to live above starvation level, as they used inefficient farming techniques and had little land available to them.Those who struggled with farming(prenominal) lifestyles flocked to the cities, consequently causing a major increase in the urban population. As a result factory working conditions also suffered. Factory workers veritable low wages, at times only 25-30% of British workers, as well as long working hours, sometimes extending to 15 hour shifts. Workers were compel to function these conditions, with little hope of assistance, as the Russian government had provided no means by which workers could express their grievances or dissatisfaction with their present conditions.The Ts ars power was unlimited with no political party or constitution to inspect the Tsars ruling, as well as a secret police, known as the Ohkrana, which terrorised those threatening public order. I shall uphold the principle of Autocracy as firmly and as undeviating as did my new-made father (Nicholas II, first proclamation, twenty-ninth January, 1895 sourcePunch,9 February 1895 ) This proclamation illustrates Tsar Nicholass incentives to intimate his father Alexender II, by means of resisting modernisation and change, in the nation of Russia.Despite these obvious signs of corruption deep down the Tsar, the public, largely due to the coercive influence of the Russian Orthodox Church, continued to hold a mystical admiration for the Tsar and the royal family. However, while the myth of Tsar Nicholas or the publics little father retained some currency, the until nowts of the years 1904 to 1905 disrupted this myth dramatically. In 1904, the governments finality to go to war against Ja pan highlighted its weakness.The two countries had been competing for years over territory and influence in the Korean peninsula of Manchuria. Nicholas, along with most Russians believed that a brief encounter with Russias vast navy and army would be the solutions to their present conflicts with Japan. Nicholas was wrong. The war ended with the humiliation of Russian defeat, in August 1905. arrest of the Russian government and military weakness heightened discontent and fueled many reform movements.Meanwhile other incidences, such as the massacre or flaming(a) Sunday on the 9th of January 1905, sparked political unrest in the capital of Russia. On this day a large crowd of people marched towards the Winter Palace, in St Petersburg, presenting a petition to the Tsar. The petition demanded a series of measures that would improve the position of those being exploited by their factory owners. Dont refuse to help your people, lead them out of the grave of disfranchisement, poverty and i gnoranceTear down the wall between you and your people, and let them rule the country with you Look without anger at our requests, they are not intended for an evil but for a good cause, for both of us (Petition of the Workers and Residents of St Petersburg for Submission to Nicholas II) This extract displays the continuing confidence in the Tsar and assurance that he will overcome his evil advisors and attend to the struggling lower classes. However this confidence in the Tsar was completely destroyed by the following event. chthonic command, troops, who were guarding the palace, opened fire on the crowd, killing 100 protestors and wounding almost 300. Although it is still unknown who directed the final orders, Nicholass absence from the protest, eroded the iconic image of the Tsar and the myth upon which the Tsarist system was sustained. Hostility towards the blood bath was generated from the lower proletarian classes and reverberated upwards throughout the empire. As a result nin e months of strikes, peasant revolts and mutinies among the army and navy, followed.Workers began to form councils, known as soviets, where workers representatives would voice their grievances and political protest campaigns were fashioned. Under immense pressure from these disturbances, the Tsar was forced to make compromises to the demands of the people in order to preserve the support of the public. On the 17th of October, the Tsar introduced the October Manifesto. This granted the people of Russia the freedom of conscience, speech, meeting and association. The manifesto also promised the introduction of a Duma, or parliament, elected by universal suffrage.The design of the Duma was to provide the people of Russia with the power to create and approve laws. The intentional extrusion of the word constitution ensured that the Tsar autocratic power remained unscathed. The Duma was the Tsars puppet he could dismiss and announce the duma, personally choose and dismiss ministers and h old new laws unaided, at any time. The first two Dumas lasted only a few months before they were later dissolved, by the Tsar. The third Duma survived as a result of an alteration in the electing process of representatives.Subsequently the Duma became dominated by land-owners and businessmen who were more conservative and trustworthy elements to the Tsar. This alteration destroyed the sole target of Duma as it hindered all classes from expressing their opinions. Although evidence of reform in the government was present, the manifesto did not address current problems affecting the lower classes such as poverty, low wages and poor working and living conditions. The grievances of the lower classes remained unheard and the gap between the Tsar and his subjects widened.For these reasons recently legalised parties such as the Social Democrats and Socialists revolutionaries had a will audience. By the end of July 1914, the revolutionary discontent echoed the events of 1905 revolution. Whe n World War II commenced early August 1914, Russia was in no state for battle. Although intensified emotions of patriotism temporarily calmed civil disputes, the hardships of the war brutally hit the home figurehead. Russias undeveloped economy struggled to sustain the war efforts and keep up with increased demands. By late 1914, dreams of a short successful battle were doubtful.In addition to previous hardships, concerns of high causality rates, inadequate medical care and shortages of resources, such as food, weapons system and ammunition were affecting the Russian front. In Mid 1915, Nicholas II, with the aim of improving Russias current stance in the war, accepted the position as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian forces. Nicholas II had few military skills and was surrounded by ministers who had been chosen by himself, therefore were also sufficiently inexperienced. Meanwhile, German-born Tsarina Alexandra was temporarily responsible for the home front whilst her husband was a way.The Tsarina was greatly influenced by Grigori Rasputin, a Russian mystic who was praised by Alexandra for his fanatical abilities to help her haemophilic son, Alexi, the heir to the throne. Tsarina had little political ability and looked towards Rasputin for advice. Due to the nepotism within the royal family, Rasputin was able to quickly posses doctrinal powers and become a influential member of the Russian court. The influence Rasputin had on the royal family as well as the scandalous relationship assumed to be between Alexandra and Rasputin discredited the Tsarist government.These scandals affected the way the public viewed the royal family and support the idea that the royal family was easily dominated by religious mystics. By late 1916, discontent within Russia had reached crisis point. The duma and the majority of Russias upper class no longer supported the Tsar. The Tsar had lost his authority in the eyes of the public. By 25th of January 1917, St Petersburg, the capital of Russia, was at a standstill. Numerous factories were shut, shops closed, public seizure ceased to run and radical political leadership seemed to be using all possible means of protest.Unlike 1905, troops did not restrain the strikes some even rebelled and joined the workers. Tsarist authority had vanished. On the 2nd of March 1917, Nicholas II abdicated and within a few hours, the Grand Duke, Nicholas IIs brother, refused the responsibility of the throne. This was the explicit end to the Romanov Dynasty. In conclusion, although the Tsars character had great effect on the downfall of the Romanov Dynasty, it was ultimately the fault of Romanov dynastys ineffective style of government.As Russia became more industrialised, larger, and far more complicated, the inadequacies of autocratic Tsarist rule became increasingly apparent. Ritualistic beliefs such as the nepotistic process by which successive monarchs were selected, was unsuitable in an ever evolving world desperate for chang e and development. The Romanov Dynastys Autocratic approach to leadership had been successful for the previous three centuries, however as the twentieth century approached, the need for social and political reform advanced with it.For this reason, Nicholas II, was a victim of a time warp, where despite his best efforts to maintain authority of the autocratic crown, was forced to abandon inherited methods of leadership. He was trapped in a modernising world with outdated beliefs and traditions. Nevertheless, to a minor extent Tsar Nicholas was responsible for his own demise as he was aware of the changes occurring within the nation, however he didnt not administer the needs and wants of his subjects.

Discuss the History of Korea and Its Impact on Korea Essay Example for Free

Discuss the History of Korea and Its Impact on Korea EssayTopic Discuss the history of Korea and its impact on Koreas culture, politics and business. Korea is a elaboration and formerly unify nation currently divided into two states. Korean civilization is one of the oldest ancient civilizations in world history, and Korea has the oldest history in eastern Asia. * GoJoseon (National foundation in BC 2333) The premiere Korean kingdom GoJoseon was established on a flourishing bronze culture in BC 2333 by Dangun who was the legendary founder of Goeseon and people believed he was the grandson of heaven (Edward 2005). It was centered in the basins of Liao China) and Northern p trick of the Korean Peninsula. Politics and economy In Korean history, GoJoseon was the first state to unify its political and religious functions within one governing system and legal system as represented by its Eight Prohibitions (Edward 2005). orderliness It is believed that GoJoseon had achieved the st atus of a kingdom with a class-based society. * Three Kingdoms penod ( BC 18 AD 676) Town-states gradually united into tribal leagues with complex political structures which eventually grew into kingdoms.Koguryo (BC 37 AD 668) Koguryo was the first to mature into a kingdom. Koguryds aggressive troops onquered neighboring tribes one after another, and in 313, they even occupied Chinas Lolang fall outposts (Qiancheng 2009). paekje (BC 18 AD 660) PaekJe, which grew out of a town-state located south of the Han River in the surroundings of present-day Seoul(Capital city of South Korea), was another contederate kingdom similar to Koguryo deane 2 Shilla (BC 57 AD 935) Shilla was the weakest and most underdeveloped among three kingdoms at the beginning.However, because it was geographically removed from Chinese influence, it was more open to non-Chinese practices and ideas. The society was built on an advanced Buddhist in Shilla (Edward 2005). unified Shilla (676-918) By the mid-sixth century, the Shilla kingdom had brought under its control all of surrounding town-states within the Gaya confederation. Through an alliance with China, Shilla finally unified the Korean peninsula in 668 and saw the decimal point of its power and prosperity in the mid-eighth century.It attempted to build an ideal Buddhist country during Unified Shilla but Buddhist social order started to deteriorate as the nobility indulged in increasing luxury (Kim 2005). Hwarang-do (Flower-knight art) in Unified Shilla It is culturally important to Korea and Taekwondo which is well known Korean martial arts in the world. It was a military academy for young, aristocratic youth in Unified Shilla. They intimated with nature and studied poetry, art, literature and song, as well as martial arts.Confucianism and Taoism also were very influential to Hwarang-do. The Hwarang-dds ethics and legends of this knighthood helped form the ethical background of taekwondo (Theodore 2005). * Koryo penod ( 918 1392 ) Internal dissensions and external problems of Shilla between the king and regional leaders led to the disruption of Shilla. The name Koryo derives from Koguryd and it is the musical theme of the modern name of Korea. The Koryo period from 935 to 1392 was arked by periodic internal disharmony and external wars (mostly defensive) with China and Japan.And also Koryo was invaded by the Mongols in 1231 and Mongols nearly destroyed Koryo. However, in that respect were also great achievements which are flowering of culture that led to great advances in art and scholarship, particularly in the ceramics industry, which developed the unique grey-green celadon stoneware for which Korea is well-known right away (Thomas 2003). * Chosun Dynasty (1392 1910) In 1392, a general Yi Seong-gye founded a new dynasty Chosun. In the early Chosun period, Confucianism was highly supported as the guideline of philosophy.And then, this Confucianism transformed into Neo-confucianism incorporating Taoist and Buddhist elements with and reading of Confucianism. Neo-confucianism is what people know as Korean culture and tradition today (Thomas 2 From 1418 to 1450, by Chosuns fourth monarch king SeJong, Korea had an unprecedented flowering of art and culture. The greatest achievement of king SeJong was invention of the Korean alphabet Hangeul. Before he invented the Korean alphabet, Korean used Chinese character (Theodore 2005).In 1 592, Toyotomi Hideyosi, who united Japan, wanted to conquer the Korean Peninsula and use it the way for its incursion into China. However, Japan was defeated by Admiral Yi sun-sin, one of the most respected fgures in Korean history. They invaded again in 1597 but they withdrew in 1598. The new religion, Catholicism, slowly spread in Korea since 18th century by Dutch Jesuit priest. In the 19th century of Chosun, they adopted an isolationist policy by the prince Taewongun because he was afraid that Chosun would be infected by western ideas.Therefore, he time -tested to baffle the opening of the country to foreign trade by closing the borders (Edward 2005). * Korea under Japanese Rule (19101945) During Japanese occupation, the first thing they did was construction of Koreas nfrastructure especially course and railroad system to control all over Korea easily and supply food for Japanese military properly. Japanese ruled with iron hand and tried to root out all elements of Korean culture from society.

Prince of Wales Essay Example for Free

Prince of Wales EssayWith close reference to Shakespe bes language discuss how the characters of the Prince of Wales and Hotspur are portrayed in Henry IV Part 1. In Henry IV, Part 1 Shakespeare contrasts the two characters, Prince Henry and Hotspur. The characters are complete opposites but be in possession of a common goal. They both want to be respected. Hotspur signals his intentions from the start but it is only as you get further on in the play that you authorise that Hal has the same ambitions. This play chronicles the rise and fall of Hotspur and Hals rise from being the innocuous prince to a heroic heir in one play.In Act One, characterisation One, the world power says Yea, there thou makst me sin in envy, that my Northumberland should be a father to so blest a son. Since this is said in the very inaugural scene of the play we are immediately given the legal opinion that the kings son is non as respectable or as honourable as Hotspur. We bunghole also see how h ighly regarded Hotspur is as the king gives him such warm glowing compliments with a touch of grabbyy in his voice. He is not contented with his own son as he goes on to say See riot and dishonour stain the brow of my young Harry.This indicates to the audience that Prince Hal exponent not be living the life that a prince would be expected to live. We get the feeling that Harry is seen as the black sheep of the family and not the successor to the tail that the king desired. Shakespeare give us this impression by not including Prince Hal in the very important meeting that took place in Act one, scene one. The king even goes as far as suggesting that some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children where they lie. This debate backs up the idea that the king is jealous of Hotspur.Shakespeare allows the kings feelings towards Hotspur and Hal to be known to the audience before we even meet the two men later in the play. The kings feelings register unconsciously in the audiences mind and we whitethorn then prejudice our opinions of Hal and Hotspur before meeting them. In Scene One, Hotspur is described as being basically the opposite of Prince Hal. We may see this when Westmoreland calls him gallant Hotspur. This statement is proof that people show Hotspur the greatest respect and indicates to us that he is brave and noble.We should note how Shakespeare uses the language to build up Hotspurs character. This lets the audience form an impression of him before they meet him. In Act One, Scene 2, the audiences opinion of Prince Hal becomes increasingly worse as we gravel out that he keeps company with a existence by the name of Sir John Falstaff. Falstaff is fat, lazy, a drunkard and a thief. Is this the type of man that a prince would normally be friends with? The prince, laughing and joking, takes up the first bust of the scene. When Fallstaff asks Hal for the time, Hal saysI see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the ti me of day. We are given the impression that Hal spends a lot of his time messing and having a name calling contest with Falstaff by the relaxed manner by which they give each other abuse. In the midst of the name-calling, we find out that some members of the Council are very angry with Hal because of his behaviour, as Fallstaff says an old Lord of the Council rated me the other day in the street about you Sir, but I marked him not. This could suggest that Fallstaff has respect for Hal or does not want to lose such an important benefactor.

A Look at Gender Difference in Social Interaction

A Look at sexual activity Difference in Social InteractionEthnography A Look at Gender Difference in Social InteractionAn ethnographic approach was chosen for this study beca hold it has the potential to provide a descriptive, interpretive, evaluative and authentic vision of ships comp both (Hammersley Atkinson, 1995). The observation was done by myself. I went to the Marketplace Mall in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on march 4th. I stayed from one oclock to tercet oclock in the afternoon. I sat on a bench close to the food court, and observed peck who were age 18 and up. I observed the ways in which males and females were different when it came to social interaction.Literature ReviewThe article Gender and relationships Influences on agentic and communal behaviors pour forthed about handstal representation and communion. According to the article, agency is the striving for mastery or power, and communion is the striving for intimacy and connectedness (Suh, 2004). According to measures of masculine and feminine sex roles, men make decisions easily, dont give up easily, and argon competitive, outspoken, and outgoing. Females like kids, and atomic number 18 warm, emotional, considerate, tactful, gentle, and helpful. Gender differences appear primarily in group or social stage settings. Stereotypic beliefs are that women are communal and men are agentic (Suh, 2004). Women do domestic work more than men, have fewer hours in paid employment, and are said to have occupations of subvert status. Men are more agentic with male friends, than women are with female friends. Women are more communal with female friends, than men are with male friends (Suh, 2004). This relates to my observation in the way my hypothesis was formed. I apply stereotypes, and labels that men and women already have, as a knowledge base for what I might observe.The article, Putting Gender into setting An Inter active agent Model of Gender-Related Behavior, stated that the enactment of grammatical sexuality takes place within social interaction (Deaux, 1987). This enactment takes place due to self-verification and self-presentation. They are naturally interwoven together. Because mess monitor behavior internally and externally, they are concerned with self-presentation and self-verification simultaneously (Deaux, 1987). When I was doing my observation, I did notice people monitoring their behavior, or their childs behavior. I focused more on who each person was interacting with, instead of how they were interacting.In Deborah Tannens article, You Just Dont Understand Women and Men in Conversation, she made a good point about the history of women and talking. In history, women were punished for talking too much. In Colonial America, they were held underwater, or even gagged. Women were believed to talk too much however, studies find that men talk more in meetings, groups, and classrooms (Tannen, 1991). Men feel good with public intercommunicate, plot of land w omen feel good with speaking in private. Womens language of conversation is a way to establish connections, negotiating, and maintain relationships. Men talk as a means to preserve independence, carry on and maintain status. Home is where there is the silent man and talkative woman (Tannen, 1991). Thats the distinction between public and private speaking. My observation contradicted this article. More women were interacting and communicating than men. However, I was interested in the historical aspect of the stereotypes we have today, and this gave a little hint as to what kinds of things happened to women, who spoke out of turn back in the colonial time period.An interesting topic that arose from my observation was the use of mobile phones. In Community and social interaction in the wireless city Wi-Fi use in public and semi-public spaces, Hampton talked about how a few studies have addressed how wireless internet use in public spaces influences social life. Recent days have seen growth in availability of wireless internet access in public places (Hampton, 2008). Mobile phones make community instantly accessible, and social ties are reachable anywhere at any time. Hampton made the point that mobile phones create a private sphere of interaction in public spaces. When people engage with mobile phones, they create a private cocoon that reduces the likelihood of public encounters (Hampton, 2008). To get a picture of what this means, while I was observing, a nerve center recovered male was sitting at a table alone, except when he was talking on his phone to someone. One could tell he was absent-minded in the conversation because he did not take notice of any one that walked by him, and he stayed sitting there for about 45 proceeding after I had sat spile and started my observation. guessingThe hypothesis I formed before the observation at the mall was, Middle senior(a) females pass on be more social with the corresponding gender, than older or young fem ales. Young males will be more social with the opposite gender, than middle aged or older males. I created this hypothesis on the basis of past experiences when shopping with my m another(prenominal), and my friends. There always seemed to be more females of middle age than any other age group. At the mall, there would always seem to be many more young males than any age group. I also used basic stereotypes that everyone hears growing up. Such stereotypes include, women are supposed to be submissive and do as they are told, and, men are always in charge. I do not personally believe in these however, I did use them as a basis for my hypothesis.MethodologyOver spring break I went home to Davie County, North Carolina. It is a rural town with a small shopping mall. Not many people actually go to the mall, because Walmart is just down the street. I chose to go to the Market Place Mall, instead of Walmart, and sit at the food court. I got there at one in the afternoon, on Tuesday, March 4 th. Not a lot of people were there. I sat down on a bench beside the food court, and I took notes on my phone, so I would not draw attention to myself. I figured I would have attention if I had a notebook in front of me. I watched everyone that walked by me, because no one was sitting in the food court. When the people would walk by, I would record their age range, gender, and whether they were alone or with someone, and what gender those someones were. I would also record if they were interacting together. I stayed for two hours just sitting there on the bench, collecting data. When I finished at the shopping mall, I went home and wrote down everything I had on my notes in my phone. Then i drew up a spreadsheet in excel, and put in all of the schooling I collected. It helped me organize, and get precise calculations.Field Notes SummaryIn total, I observed 152 people over the two hour time period. There were 50 males and 102 females. 68 were middle aged adults. Out if the 68, 24 we re men. 15 of the men were alone, 4 were with the same gender and 5 were with females. Also, out of the 68 middle aged adults, 44 were women. 13 of them were alone, 26 were with the same gender, and 5 were with males.Out of the 152 people I observed, 40 were older adults. 14 were men. 9 of them were alone, 2 were with the same gender, and 3 were with females. 26 out of the 40 were women. 16 of the older women were alone, 6 were with the same gender, and 4 were with males.Out of the 152 people, 42 were young adults. 13 were men. 5 of them were alone, 3 were with the same gender, and 5 were with females. There were 29 young women. 7 of them were alone, 16 were with the same gender, and 6 were with males. I also observed two teenagers there. They were the only teenagers I spy being there.A little less than half of the people I observed were alone. To be exact, 65, out of the 152 people, were alone. Phone use was not a broad spread action I saw people doing, if they were alone. I only saw 8, out of the 65 people, on their phones.When it comes to social interaction, over half of the people observed were partaking in some sort of communication with each other. 87, out of the 152 people, were interacting. I saw 50 females talking with each other, and I saw 9 males talking with each other. There were 28 people partaking in interaction with the opposite gender. That includes two sets, of a male and female, holding hands.Conclusion on HypothesisRestating my hypothesis, middle aged females will be more social with the same gender than older females, and young males will be social with the opposite gender than middle aged or older males. My hypothesis was completely right. The first part of my hypothesis was that middle aged females were more social with the same gender then older females were. The data I collected about the 152 people I observed showed that 59% of middle aged females were social with the same gender, while only 23% of older females were social with the same gender. The second part of my hypothesis was that young males were more social with the opposite gender than any other age group of males. The data I collected for the 152 people I observed showed that 38% of young males were social with the opposite gender, while only 20% of middle aged males were social with the opposite gender, and 21% of older males were social with the opposite gender.What I found most interesting was the difference between men and womens social interaction, in general. Judith Hall published an observational study on nonverbal gender differences and discussed the cultural reasons as to those differences. In her study, she noted women as smiling and laughing more, as well as having a better understanding of others nonverbal cues. She believed that women were encouraged to be more emotionally expressive in their language, thus better developed in nonverbal communication. Men, on the other hand, were taught to be less expressive, to suppress their emotions, and thus be less nonverbally active in communication and more sporadic in their use of nonverbal cues. This builds on what I found in my observation. There were more women that I observed, but in total, there were more men who were alone. Actually, over half the men I observed, 29 out of 50, were alone, while 36 of the 102 females, I observed, were alone. Thats only 35 % compared to the 56% of men.What I LearnedWhat I acquire focused on men and women. With women, I learned that they interact more with females, than males, at the mall. I also learned that more middle age women go to the Market Place Mall than any other age group, according to my observation. With men, I learned that they interact more with females, then males, at the mall. I also learned that most men come alone to the mall, according to my observation.ReferencesDeaux, K., Major, B. (January 01, 1987). Putting gender into context An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94, 3, 369-389H ammersley, M. Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography principles in practice. 2nd Ed. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Hampton, K., Gupta, N. (November, 13, 2008). Community and social interaction in the wireless city Wi-Fi use in public and semi-public spaces. New Media Society, 10, 6, 831-850Igarashi, T., Takai, J., Yoshida, T. (January 01, 2005). Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages A longitudinal study. Journal of Social and own(prenominal) Relationships, 22, 5, 691-713.Knapp, M., Hall, J., Horgan, T. (2013). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction (8 ed.). Cengage Learning.Suh, E. J., Moskowitz, D. S., Fournier, M. A., Zuroff, D. C. (2004). Gender and relationships Influences on agentic and communal behaviors. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 41-60Tannen, D. (1991). You just dont understand Women and men in conversation (p. 113). London Virago.

The Concept Of Medicalization: Shifting Ideas

The Concept Of Medicalization Shifting IdeasMedicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society-often perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as strictly medical issues. It is the knead by which human conditions and difficultys come to be defined and treated as medical conditions and problems, and therefrom come under the empowerment of doctors and otherwise health professionals to study, diagnose, prevent or treat. The process of medicalization can be driven by impudently evidence or theories about conditions, or by developments in accessible attitudes or economic con ramprations, or by the development of new purported words. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, but also costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is stu dampd in terms of the role and power of professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary commonwealth whose self-identity and conduct-decisions ma y depend on the prevailing concepts of health and illness. at once a condition is classed as medical, a medical tends to be wasting diseased kinda than a social model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (from pathology), or in some(prenominal) cases disease mongering.The term medicalization stick ined academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the working of figures much(prenominal) as Peter Conrad and Thomas Szasz. They argued that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name of liberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesis was the term then used to describe what we might now call ADHD).Medicalization explains a stake which had been antecedently explained in a moral, religious or social terms no w belong defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge. some(prenominal) years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as problematic, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to hide it. And that was that. as yet, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be given a diagnosis or medicament to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been use to a whole variety of problems that occupy come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the menopause through to alcoholism and homointimateity (Gabe et al. 2006 59). Further more than, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day tone become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and other health professionals to study, diagnose, prevent and or treat the problem.Originally, the concept of medica lisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicates jurisdiction over erstwhile standard life events and experiences. More recently, however, this view of a docile do populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, some an(prenominal) sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of health attention suffers an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. Such participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the tone of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of med icalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that framing the process. We suggest that some earlier accounts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, uniform process or as the subject of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the passing of modernity, we might expect to see a decrease in medicalisation.The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirect ly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its application. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the situation that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol consumption and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processes thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006 25).Medicalization can occur on threesome different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors d o not have to be snarly and an example if this is AA.The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a medical approach to treating a problem in which they qualify and the third was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 200459). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help tribe such as the AA.The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction.Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, immoral or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings . Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour.Stage one involves the behaviour itself as being deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical conception of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider.A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very prestigious, in fact being one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals.Illich attributed medicalization t o the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care.In his book Limits to medicine Medical nemesis (1975) Illich contend that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known as iatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels.The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved serious side-effects which were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poiso ning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligence.The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the world-wide public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at homeAnd the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975)Sociologists such a s Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized. Menstruation and pregnancy had come to be seen as medical problems requiring interventions such as hysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession. medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care.Nevertheless recent st udies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to infection and technocological hindrance (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006 26)Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illness in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, rock that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem.Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power of professions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts of health and illness. Once a condition is classed as m edical, a medical model of disability tends to be used rather than a social model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006 26).Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge.The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the assortment and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectiveness and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendincluding the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatmentTo understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling Conrad, p 107. By medicalizing social matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis Conrad, p 111. In extending this concept, the ductless secreter Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, discouragement in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance.Physicians also play a direct and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging cosmetic surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability Kaw, p 75. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition Kaw, p 81. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary Kaw, p 82. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized tes tosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if they lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle.The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical fabrication. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical Conrad, p 111. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community Groopman, 2002. In a Time magazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testostero ne levels rather than to a life process Groopman 2002. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit ground ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers.Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to believe that biomedicine must not only cracking cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms Groopman, 2002. As a consequence, older men bequeath opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregarding the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone th erapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive heart failure and enlargement of the prostate gland Groopman, 2002. Medicalizing a problem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their face-to-face wellbeingIt is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community Conrad, p 115. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community.Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicin es influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationcan be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a u ni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Reflective Essay on Developing Care Skills

Reflective Essay on Developing C be SkillsPart BValue 1 condole withOne of the values that I had learnt is caring. Caring meant concern about others. Caring for others starts from taking initiative to approach people with sincerity, fear for them, to know them and care for their feelings. If e genuinelybody in this world does non care about each other, they will become selfish and do non have protagonists. Therefore, we must(prenominal) care for each other, so that e truly cardinal in every corner of the world is able to feel the partial(p)th.As a future nurse, I must be more caring for my patients. I should non only be concerned about the diseases on the patients, but also concerned about mental reactions of the patients. I believe that one warm word, a gentle attitude, a friendly expression can encourage patients to speak out the truth and this may facilitate the nurses to find out patients psychological problems. By this, I believe that I can understand my patients very well.During my Primary 3, I always asked my classmates why they did not want to make for friend with me and they told me I was very selfish and arrogant. I knew that they always bad- mouthed about me. I knew the reason, but I did not bother it. I was so stubborn and did not want to change it. For me, I thought that it was not my fault. I blamed them for ignoring my feeling. In childhood, I was this kind of person, a very rebellious person. Time to time, I realized that I was quite lonely. At this time, I was very upset. Consequently, I told my dad about my problem. My dad was listening to my complaint patiently and he scour did not scold me. He just smiled and told me I must change my attitude towards people around me. He wanted me to imagine the feeling if I have a friend with a bad attitude like me. He also told me that people will treat us for what we had done for them. He wanted me to be more caring about others feelings. I agreed to what he said. From that time, I just reali zed that how bad I was. I did not want to continue to be like that whatevermore. I want to change I want to be a caring person. I must care about peoples feelings. My dad and my classmates had changed me. After changing the attitude, I gained back my friends. The happiness was beyond description. Till today, I am still very grateful to them. Without them, I think I was still behaving like what I had done before.Value 2 responsibleAnother value that I had learnt is responsible. Responsible meant to complete the duty with a high spirit. Someone who is responsible will not make any excuses. In any case, we will always be faced with several factors beyond our control and irresponsible people tend to blame on these factors, take them as an excuse. To be a responsible people, we should make sure that we do not go the same way.As a future nurse, I must be responsible to my patient. By this, I must fully grasp my patients condition, care and treatment. Be a responsible nurse, I must clos ely observe patients symptoms and signs and see changes in the disease as well as provide an effective intervention for medical diagnosis. I must not only alleviate the twinge of the patient, but also obtain the patients trust, give the patient a sense of security.It was happening during my secondary school time. It was still fresh in my memory. He is the one whom I admired the most. He is just a cleaner, but his spirit cannot get out of my mind. I truly admired his hardworking from my bottom heart. He had given me a deep impression until today I still cannot forget him. The first time I saw him was on the way passing home from school. I still remembered it was raining cat and dog that day. People on the street all dressed in a raincoat and locomote home under the umbrella. At this time, I saw a huge rubbish heap next to my house. There was a man standing there. Who is in there? It was raining heavily. It should not be a cleaner at there, right? I mumble. With questions, I walk ed past. I cannot believe that I saw an uncle with a dusty face, wearing a tattered raincoat. He was very carefully cleaning up the rubbish. I was surprised by his action. I had never seen a cleaner still working in the heavy rain before. Uncle, why are you still working in the heavy rain? You can do it tomorrow. Why are you working so hard? I asked him. No, I am just unhappy if I do not clean it by today. Then, there will be more bacteria growing and it was smelly as well as affecting our health. he answered. This time, I was stunned. He was very responsible in his job. Since then, I have never seen him, but his spirit had inspired me to be a responsible person.Part CDuring my life journey, I had learnt the value of caring. I learnt I should care about my health. Health is the valuable asset. For having a healthy life style, I must care about my eating habits. first off of all, I must eat at least two servings of vegetables and one serving of fruits every day. Eating more vegetab les and fruits can gain vitamins, strengthen the immune system and eventide reduce the chance of illness. On the other hand, breakfast is the most important meal, if we do not eat breakfast, we will lack of susceptibility for the day and over time it will be harmful to the body. Moreover, a snack is a big killer. Snack contains much of salts, sugar and chemical components which may cause a lot of problems to our body. I also must exercise at least twice a week in order to get the effect of exercise.I also had learnt the value of responsible. Be a responsible person, I do not smoke. Smoking is harmful to our health and it may even causes lung cancer and other diseases. Not only that, I also must have a good mind state to evaluate myself properly and paw with the pressures of my life. I must be an optimistic, cheerful and open-minded attitude to life. On the other hand, I must also set a target to founder good relationships with people around me and also actively participate in social activities. This will help me to maintain my mental balance. Furthermore, I also drill meditation every day. Meditation can promote blood circulation and even relieve the stress. It is a good way to make myself to calm down.Part DDuring my clinical attachment in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, I met a patient named Mr. Khoo. He is a Chinese and his dialect is Cantonese. He now aged 60. I am also a Cantonese. So, sometimes I spoke Cantonese with him. He was admitted to the hospital because of foot ulcers which was caused by diabetes mellitus. Before he was admitted to the hospital, he stayed in Ren Ci Community Hospital. His left leg was amputated. During our conversation throughout one week time, he had told me his life experience. He had suffered from diabetes for 5 years. He had eaten a lot of hypoglycemic drugs. He told me that he did not take care of his health condition since young. He liked to drink Coke. He basically did not do any exercises. due(p) to long-term work at the grassroots level and slept late, so he accustomed not to get up early in the morning. Due to sitting in the office for a whole day or business meetings, he basically did not participate in any sports. He also told me he liked to eat meat. During the past, he had always eaten lamb stew as his supper before going to sleep and he usually did not take his breakfast the next morning. Due to the long-term excessive meat, plus he did not like to eat vegetables, fruits, beans and his daily staple food are meat, so his weight in the past 10 years has severely excessive. He suffered from diabetes because of the previous living conditions. From his life experience, I noticed that healthy lifestyle plays a vital role in our life.(1419 words)

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